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(a)\n\n(b)\n\n(c)\n\nStrand 1\n\nStrand 2\n\nOld strand 1\n\nNew strand 1\n\nNew strand 2\n\nOld strand 2 (a)\n\n(b)\n\nChloroplast\n\nPlasma membrane\n\nCell wall\n\nStarch granule\n\nThylakoid\n\nCell wall of adjacent cell\n\nVesicle\n\nPlasmodesma\n\nNucleus\n\nNucleolus\n\nMitochondrion\n\nRough endoplasmic reticulum\n\nSmooth endoplasmic reticulum\n\nGolgi complex\n\nTransport vesicle\n\nLysosome\n\nPeroxisome\n\nCytoskeleton\n\nRibosome\n\nNuclear envelope (a) δ+ H\n(b) δ- O δ+ H\n\n(a) δ+\n(b) δ- O\n\n2δ- 2δ+ 104.5°\nHydrogen bond\n0.177 nm\nCovalent bond\n0.0965 nm H2O\nNa+\nCl-\nHydrated Na+ ion\nHydrated Cl- ion table 4-3\nSolubilities of Some Gases in Water\n\nGas Structure* Polarity Solubility in water (g/L)\n\nNitrogen N≡N Nonpolar 0.018 (40 °C)\nOxygen O=O Nonpolar 0.035 (50 °C)\nCarbon dioxide O=C=O Nonpolar 0.97 (45 °C)\nAmmonia H\n | Polar 900 (10 °C)\n H \nHydrogen sulfide H \n | Polar 1,860 (40 °C)\n S\n | \n H\n\n*The arrows represent electric dipoles; there is a partial negative charge (δ- ) at the head of the arrow, a partial positive charge (δ+ ; not shown here) at the tail.\n*Note that polar molecules dissolve far better even at low temperatures than do nonpolar molecules at relatively high temperatures.
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(a)\n\n(b)\n\n(c)\n\nStrand 1\n\nStrand 2\n\nOld strand 1\n\nNew strand 1\n\nNew strand 2\n\nOld strand 2 (a)\n\n(b)\n\nChloroplast\n\nPlasma membrane\n\nCell wall\n\nStarch granule\n\nThylakoid\n\nCell wall of adjacent cell\n\nVesicle\n\nPlasmodesma\n\nNucleus\n\nNucleolus\n\nMitochondrion\n\nRough endoplasmic reticulum\n\nSmooth endoplasmic reticulum\n\nGolgi complex\n\nTransport vesicle\n\nLysosome\n\nPeroxisome\n\nCytoskeleton\n\nRibosome\n\nNuclear envelope (a) δ+ H\n(b) δ- O δ+ H\n\n(a) δ+\n(b) δ- O\n\n2δ- 2δ+ 104.5°\nHydrogen bond\n0.177 nm\nCovalent bond\n0.0965 nm H2O\nNa+\nCl-\nHydrated Na+ ion\nHydrated Cl- ion table 4-3\nSolubilities of Some Gases in Water\n\nGas Structure* Polarity Solubility in water (g/L)\n\nNitrogen N≡N Nonpolar 0.018 (40 °C)\nOxygen O=O Nonpolar 0.035 (50 °C)\nCarbon dioxide O=C=O Nonpolar 0.97 (45 °C)\nAmmonia H\n | Polar 900 (10 °C)\n H \nHydrogen sulfide H \n | Polar 1,860 (40 °C)\n S\n | \n H\n\n*The arrows represent electric dipoles; there is a partial negative charge (δ- ) at the head of the arrow, a partial positive charge (δ+ ; not shown here) at the tail.\n*Note that polar molecules dissolve far better even at low temperatures than do nonpolar molecules at relatively high temperatures.