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Fisiologia Vegetal
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PJN\nISSN 1680-5194\n\nPAKISTAN JOURNAL OF\nNUTRITION\n\nANSImet\n308 Lasani Town, Sargodha Road, Faisalabad - Pakistan\nMob: +92 300 3008585, Fax: +92 41 8815544\nE-mail: editorpjn@gmail.com Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 2 (6): 374-379, 2003\n© Asian Network for Scientific Information 2003\n\nButterfly Pea (Clitoria ternatea): A Nutritive Multipurpose Forage Legume for the Tropics - An Overview\n\nS. Michael Gomez1 and A. Kalaimani2\n1Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India, 641003\n2Centre for Plant Breeding and Genetics, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore - 3, India\nEmail: micbiotech@yahoo.co.in\n\nAbstract: Butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea) is a multi-purpose forage legume. It provides bioactive compounds for medicinal use and it is also an ornamental plant and cover crop. It is adaptable to a wide range of temperature, rainfall and altitude. Butterfly pea, a highly palatable forage legume is generally preferred by livestock over other legumes. Its fibrous stem and large leaves, nil flat and non toxic make it ideal for forage and hay making. Its vigorous growth, tolerance to frost and dry periods and heavy grazing pressures make this suitable for waste land development. Production and utilization of this legume for animal production will provide adequate nutrition and also reduce grazing pressure on natural grasses. This paper reviews distribution, plant description, agronomic characteristics, genetic variation, medicinal use, chemical composition and utilization of butterfly pea in livestock production.\n\nKey words: Clitoria ternatea, bioactive compound, forage legume, ornamental value Gomez and Kalaimani: Butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea)\n\nTable 1: Per-head availability and minimum requirements of some livestock products*\nProduct Availability Minimum requirement\nMilk 1.00l/head/day 201 kg/head/year\nMeat 1 million tons (mƕ annually) 7, 121 million tons (mƕ annually)\nEggs 12.99 eggs/head/year 1 egg/head/year\n(* courtesy: http://www.krishiworld.com)\n\nTable 2: Balance-sheet of animal feeds and fodders*\nFeeds and fodders Availability Requirement Deficit\nGreen fodder 224.02 mt 611.99 mt 387.97 mt\nCrop residues 231.05 mt 869.79 mt 638.74 mt\nConcentrates 31.6 mt 65.4 mt 33.8 mt\n(*courtesy: http://www.krishiworld.com)\n\nOrigin and distribution: Butterfly pea most likely originated in tropical Asia, though its true origin is obscured by extensive cultivation and naturalization around the globe (www.echonet.org). Butterfly pea has been widely distributed to many tropical and subtropical countries where it has become naturalized. (South and Central America, East and West Indies, China and India). It is grown as a persistent perennial. In areas, the flowers are used to give a blue tinge to rice cakes and boiled rice. The young pods may be consumed like string beans. Leaves are also used to give food or are eaten as a pot herb. Table 3. Some Agronomic and Biochemical characteristics of Clitoria* Table 6: Mean performance of hybrids (C. ternatea x C. purpurea) and segregants (F3) for morphological and biochemical traits* Table 7: Variation in floral traits in F2 population of C. ternatea x C. purpurea* Doughton, J.A., M.J. Conway, V.A. Osten, K.J. McCoster, M. McCoster, G.B. Spackman, B.C. Penqelly, S.R. Rook, T.M. Levar, G.A. Lambert and R.M. Kelly, 2001. The impact of a farming system approach on adoption of Butterfly pea in central Queensland. Proceedings of the 10th Australian Agronomy conference, Hobart.\n\nFantz, R.E., 1977. A monograph of the genus Clitoria (Leguminosae: Gynoxaeae). PhD dissertation, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.\n\nHumphreys, L.R. and J.L. Partridge, 1995. 'A guide to better pastures for the tropics and subtropics' (revised edn) South Australian Beef Agriculture.\n\nIsley, D., 1990. Vascular Flora of the south eastern United States, volume 3, part 2. Leguminosae (Fabaceae), university of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.\n\nJensen, R.H., H.F. Robinson, and D.A. Comstock, 1955. Estimates of genetic and environmental variability in soybean. Agron. J. 47: 314-18.\n\nKaur, A. and S. Michael Gomez, 2001. Genetic variability in Clitoria spp. Ann. Agr. Res., 22: 243-245.\n\nMalabadi, R.B. and K. Nataraja, 2001. Shoot regeneration in leaf explants of Clitoria ternatea L. cultured in vitro. Phytomorphology 51: 169-174.\n\nMurphy, A.M. and P.E. Colquhoun, 1990. A biological solution to poor quality rumminant diets: A review of Lablab purpureus. Livest. Res. for Rural Dev., (1). 2.\n\nPrakash, A.H., S.N. Varanjabhisan and P. Chandrasekhar Reddy, 1994. Changing patterns in water relation and solute contributing during culms development under drought stress in sunflower (Helianthus annuus). Adv. Pl. Sci. 7: 58-63.\n\nSingh, P. and S.S. Narayanan, 2000. Biochemical techniques in plant breeding. Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi, India.\n\nTainton, N.O., 2000. Pasture management in South Africa. University of Natal press, Pietermaritzburg.\n\nTaranilla, A.D. and T.C. Chekarum, 2003. Influence of Clitoria lantrate extracts on memory and cerebral cognitive activity in rats. Pharmaceut. Biol. 39: 51-56.\n\nTheivasan, K., R.W. Osborn, D.P. Attwood and W.F. Bender, 2000. Specific binding of soluble antimicrobial plant defensins from Indian field bean (Dolichos biflorus) on plant cells is required for antibacterial activity. Mol. Plant micrb interact. 13: 54-61.\n\nVan Leuwen, F., S. Abernethy, S.B. Rees and W.F. Brooker, 1995. Isolation and characterization of plant defensins from seeds of Aztec and Assafracea. FEBS Lett. (Netherlands), 368: 257-262.
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PJN\nISSN 1680-5194\n\nPAKISTAN JOURNAL OF\nNUTRITION\n\nANSImet\n308 Lasani Town, Sargodha Road, Faisalabad - Pakistan\nMob: +92 300 3008585, Fax: +92 41 8815544\nE-mail: editorpjn@gmail.com Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 2 (6): 374-379, 2003\n© Asian Network for Scientific Information 2003\n\nButterfly Pea (Clitoria ternatea): A Nutritive Multipurpose Forage Legume for the Tropics - An Overview\n\nS. Michael Gomez1 and A. Kalaimani2\n1Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India, 641003\n2Centre for Plant Breeding and Genetics, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore - 3, India\nEmail: micbiotech@yahoo.co.in\n\nAbstract: Butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea) is a multi-purpose forage legume. It provides bioactive compounds for medicinal use and it is also an ornamental plant and cover crop. It is adaptable to a wide range of temperature, rainfall and altitude. Butterfly pea, a highly palatable forage legume is generally preferred by livestock over other legumes. Its fibrous stem and large leaves, nil flat and non toxic make it ideal for forage and hay making. Its vigorous growth, tolerance to frost and dry periods and heavy grazing pressures make this suitable for waste land development. Production and utilization of this legume for animal production will provide adequate nutrition and also reduce grazing pressure on natural grasses. This paper reviews distribution, plant description, agronomic characteristics, genetic variation, medicinal use, chemical composition and utilization of butterfly pea in livestock production.\n\nKey words: Clitoria ternatea, bioactive compound, forage legume, ornamental value Gomez and Kalaimani: Butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea)\n\nTable 1: Per-head availability and minimum requirements of some livestock products*\nProduct Availability Minimum requirement\nMilk 1.00l/head/day 201 kg/head/year\nMeat 1 million tons (mƕ annually) 7, 121 million tons (mƕ annually)\nEggs 12.99 eggs/head/year 1 egg/head/year\n(* courtesy: http://www.krishiworld.com)\n\nTable 2: Balance-sheet of animal feeds and fodders*\nFeeds and fodders Availability Requirement Deficit\nGreen fodder 224.02 mt 611.99 mt 387.97 mt\nCrop residues 231.05 mt 869.79 mt 638.74 mt\nConcentrates 31.6 mt 65.4 mt 33.8 mt\n(*courtesy: http://www.krishiworld.com)\n\nOrigin and distribution: Butterfly pea most likely originated in tropical Asia, though its true origin is obscured by extensive cultivation and naturalization around the globe (www.echonet.org). Butterfly pea has been widely distributed to many tropical and subtropical countries where it has become naturalized. (South and Central America, East and West Indies, China and India). It is grown as a persistent perennial. In areas, the flowers are used to give a blue tinge to rice cakes and boiled rice. The young pods may be consumed like string beans. Leaves are also used to give food or are eaten as a pot herb. Table 3. Some Agronomic and Biochemical characteristics of Clitoria* Table 6: Mean performance of hybrids (C. ternatea x C. purpurea) and segregants (F3) for morphological and biochemical traits* Table 7: Variation in floral traits in F2 population of C. ternatea x C. purpurea* Doughton, J.A., M.J. Conway, V.A. Osten, K.J. McCoster, M. McCoster, G.B. Spackman, B.C. Penqelly, S.R. Rook, T.M. Levar, G.A. Lambert and R.M. Kelly, 2001. The impact of a farming system approach on adoption of Butterfly pea in central Queensland. Proceedings of the 10th Australian Agronomy conference, Hobart.\n\nFantz, R.E., 1977. A monograph of the genus Clitoria (Leguminosae: Gynoxaeae). PhD dissertation, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.\n\nHumphreys, L.R. and J.L. Partridge, 1995. 'A guide to better pastures for the tropics and subtropics' (revised edn) South Australian Beef Agriculture.\n\nIsley, D., 1990. Vascular Flora of the south eastern United States, volume 3, part 2. Leguminosae (Fabaceae), university of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.\n\nJensen, R.H., H.F. Robinson, and D.A. Comstock, 1955. Estimates of genetic and environmental variability in soybean. Agron. J. 47: 314-18.\n\nKaur, A. and S. Michael Gomez, 2001. Genetic variability in Clitoria spp. Ann. Agr. Res., 22: 243-245.\n\nMalabadi, R.B. and K. Nataraja, 2001. Shoot regeneration in leaf explants of Clitoria ternatea L. cultured in vitro. Phytomorphology 51: 169-174.\n\nMurphy, A.M. and P.E. Colquhoun, 1990. A biological solution to poor quality rumminant diets: A review of Lablab purpureus. Livest. Res. for Rural Dev., (1). 2.\n\nPrakash, A.H., S.N. Varanjabhisan and P. Chandrasekhar Reddy, 1994. Changing patterns in water relation and solute contributing during culms development under drought stress in sunflower (Helianthus annuus). Adv. Pl. Sci. 7: 58-63.\n\nSingh, P. and S.S. Narayanan, 2000. Biochemical techniques in plant breeding. Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi, India.\n\nTainton, N.O., 2000. Pasture management in South Africa. University of Natal press, Pietermaritzburg.\n\nTaranilla, A.D. and T.C. Chekarum, 2003. Influence of Clitoria lantrate extracts on memory and cerebral cognitive activity in rats. Pharmaceut. Biol. 39: 51-56.\n\nTheivasan, K., R.W. Osborn, D.P. Attwood and W.F. Bender, 2000. Specific binding of soluble antimicrobial plant defensins from Indian field bean (Dolichos biflorus) on plant cells is required for antibacterial activity. Mol. Plant micrb interact. 13: 54-61.\n\nVan Leuwen, F., S. Abernethy, S.B. Rees and W.F. Brooker, 1995. Isolation and characterization of plant defensins from seeds of Aztec and Assafracea. FEBS Lett. (Netherlands), 368: 257-262.