Potential of Egeria densa and Pistia stratiotes for Phytoremediation of Water Contaminated with Saflufenacil

Full Terms Conditions of access and use can be found at httpswwwtandfonlinecomactionjournalInformationjournalCodelesb20 Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part B Pesticides Food Contaminants and Agricultural Wastes ISSN Print Online Journal homepage httpswwwtandfonlinecomloilesb20 Potential of Egeria densa and Pistia stratiotes for the phytoremediation of water contaminated with saflufenacil Felipe Gimenes Alonso Kamila Cabral Mielke Maura Gabriela da Silva Brochado Kassio Ferreira Mendes Valdemar Luiz Tornisielo To cite this article Felipe Gimenes Alonso Kamila Cabral Mielke Maura Gabriela da Silva Brochado Kassio Ferreira Mendes Valdemar Luiz Tornisielo 2021 Potential of Egeriadensa and Pistiastratiotes for the phytoremediation of water contaminated with saflufenacil Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part B 567 644649 DOI 1010800360123420211936386 To link to this article httpsdoiorg1010800360123420211936386 Published online 06 Jun 2021 Submit your article to this journal Article views 9 View related articles View Crossmark data JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH PART B 2021 VOL 56 NO 7 644649 Taylor Francis httpsdoiorg1010800360123420211936386 Taylor Francis Group Check for updates Potential of Egeria densa and Pistia stratiotes for the phytoremediation of water contaminated with saflufenacil Felipe Gimenes Alonso Kamila Cabral Mielke Maura Gabriela da Silva Brochado Kassio Ferreira Mendes and Valdemar Luiz Tornisielo Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura Universidade de Sao Paulo Piracicaba Sao Paulo Brazil Departamento de Agronomia Universidade Federal de Vicosa Vicosa Minas Gerais Brazil ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY Saflufenacil is an herbicide that is leachable in soil and has the potential to contaminate ground water besides having moderate toxicity to aquatic organisms Some macrophyte species may interfere with the availability of herbicides in water increasing dissipation in this environment KEYWORDS Thus the objective of this work was to evaluate the absorption and dissipation of Csaflufenacil Bioremediation aissibation in water by Egeria densa and Pistia stratiotes Dissipation was performed with Csaflufenacil rece ora de le applied directly in water and quantified by liquid scintillation spectrometry LSS The evaluation times were 0 3 6 24 48 72 and 96h after application HAA for E densa and 0 12 24 36 48 60 84 and 108 HAA for P stratiotes Absorption was analyzed through plant combustion in a bio logical oxidizer The presence of the macrophytes increased the dissipation of Csaflufenacil in water The halflife time DT59 of the herbicide decreased by 826 in the presence of F densa at 96 HAA For P stratiotes the reduction in DT59 was 948 at 108 HAA The absorption of Csaflu fenacil was low for both macrophytes during the evaluated time However the macrophytes EF densa and P stratiotes showed potential for the phytoremediation of water contaminated with saflufenacil Introduction Saflufenacil 2chloro4fluoro53methyl26dioxo4tri fluoromethylpyrimidin1ylNmethylpropan2ylsulfamoy The use of pesticides has become indispensable in agricul yp yam vl yipr P y ae yl eer benzamide is a Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase PPO inhibitor tural practice worldwide ensuring the elimination of pests 1 herbicide used to control eudicotyledonous weeds in preemer diseases and weeds Agrochemicals have more than 781 ca 4 gence Tt features high solubility in water 2100mg L to doubled food production over the past century and the cur Oe I ay 9 20C and low sorption in soil K 052pg g mL ug rent need to increase food production underpins the inten as vs y 2 The compound dissipates in the environment through both abi sive use of pesticides and fertilizers Although the ic and biotic desradation It d available technologies allow high efficiency in the application otic ane lotic a ation it 1s not expecte iL M ersist m ot of these pesticides the pesticides inevitably reach the soil If obic soils DT59 from 1 to 5 weeks OF In alkaline bodies herbicides are applied in the preemergence stage direct water DT 50 less than 1 week but it may be moderately persist application to the soil to control the weed seed bank may 2 acidic to neutral bodies of water DTs0 from 4 to aggravate the risk of environmental contamination 10 weeks The leaching of saflufenacil in oxisols with distinct Herbicides are subject to various physical chemical and textural characteristics has been found to be high and it is biological processes that regulate their destiny in the envir More pronounced in sandy soils These characteristics give onment Factors related to retention sorption absorption Saflufenacil the potential to contaminate groundwater as well as and precipitation transformation decomposition or deg making it moderately toxic to aquatic organisms In Brazil radation and transport drift volatilization leaching and the most common use of saflufenacil is related to its potential runoff are responsible for the final destiny of herbicides in when mixed with glyphosate to control glyphosateresistant the environment Herbicides can leach into the deep layers biotypes in genetically modified crops of the soil or be carried through runoff when they contam Bioremediation is an alternative method of decontamin inate groundwater and surface water Toxicity and high ation that consists of the use of living organisms The use of persistence make herbicides a major environmental concern plants is called phytoremediation This technique has and additional technologies need to be introduced for the been analyzed for different herbicides and successful cases adequate removal of these compounds from the have been reported In aquatic environments macro environment phyte species have been identified as having herbicide CONTACT Kamila Cabral Mielke Q kamilamielkeufvbr Departamento de Agronomia Av PH Rolfs Edificio Arthur Bernardes Campus Universitario CEP 36571900 Vicgosa Minas Gerais Brazil 2021 Taylor Francis Group LLC JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH PART B 645 mediating potential and heavy metals Pistia in the initial hours of the study for P stratiotes so that it stratiotes has been shown to have advantages over was necessary to establish longer intervals and a greater total Eichhornia crassipes because it has increased dissipation cap time acity but does not accumulate clomazone residues in its tis 24 sues Potamogeton crispus and Myriophyllum spicatum are 44 CSaflufenacil efficient at removing atrazine residues in water However there are situations in which the presence of a macrophyte The Csaflufenacil PhenylUC showed specific activity may impair the dissipation of the herbicide The presence of of 465 MBq mg and radiochemical purity of 996 P stratiotes and E crassipes delays the degradation of hexa BASF Ludwigshafen Germany An aliquot of the concen zinone in water Macrophyte species should be studied trated solution of Csaflufenacil was diluted in acetone to for their phytoremediation potential for different herbicides give a final concentration of 20000 wL An application of The macrophytes P stratiotes and Egeria densa have not 25yL of the radiomarked solution in each experimental been studied for their potential for the phytoremediation of unit was performed with a microsyringe Hamilton PB6000 saflufenacil but they may be alternatives for water decon Dispenser Hamilton USA Each experimental unit received tamination Thus the objective of this work was to evaluate a total of 500000 dpm With the aid of glass rods all the the absorption and dissipation of Csaflufenacil in waters beakers were homogenized and two 1mlL aliquots were cultivated with E densa and P stratiotes removed from each experimental unit and transferred to vials containing 5mL of scintillating solution Instagel Materials and methods ne The radioactivity of the solution containing Csaflu enacil was measured for 5 min by liquid scintillation spec Macrophyte plants trometry LSS in a TriCarb 2910 TR LSA counter LSA PerkinElmer Waltham MA USA This initial analysis The macrophyte species E densa and P stratiotes were culti Gefined the initial amount of radioactivity for the dissipa vated in water in a growth chamber CCP110PT 4300 tion study Instala Frio CuritibaPR Brazil for two and four months respectively Thinning for seedling standardization was car ried out one week before the experiment long enough for Dissipation of the Csaflufenacil the section to heal The seedlings of E densa were standar Aliquots of 1mL of water from each beaker were removed dized by the length of the branches and each experimental duplicate at the evaluation times for each species The unit received three branches of 15cm For P stratiotes the ee eae SP a aliquots were added to flicker vials containing 5mL of the standardization of the seedlings was carried out visually and waa as scintillating solution Instagel Plus and were analyzed for each experimental unit received four plants The experimen 5 min by LSS tal units were comp osed of individual beakers with a cap The dissipation data for the Csaflufenacil were trans acity of 1L No fertilizer or additive was used since the formed as a percentage in relation to the initial measure macrophytes showed high vegetative vigor ment The decays of the experimental curves obtained were The experiment was conducted under static conditions adjusted for a firstorder kinetics model as presented in An evaporation control system was adopted in both experi Eq 1 ments This consisted of assessing the initial mass of each experimental unit the mass at intervals of 12h was then if CQe 1 necessary corrected with the same water used for the culti ore C is the concentration of Csaflufenacil remaining vation of the respective macrophyte For the effective control i the water at time t Co is the herbicide concentration of the environmental conditions the experimental units 4 time zero k is the constant of degradation speed h and were maintained in a plant growth chamber with the tem the cultivation time h perature ranging between 20 and 29C a 12h photoperiod The halflife times DT of herbicide dissipation in each and 60 humidity Oxygen saturation levels remained at treatment were calculated from Eq 2 over 60 the pH was between 6 and 7 and the water hard ness was 104g CaCO L moderately hard DTs9 m 2 Experimental design 14 The experimental design was completely randomized with Absorption of the Csaflufenacil three repetitions in a 2 x 7 factorial scheme presence and After the collection of the aliquots the plants contained in absence of macrophyte and seven evaluation times The each beaker were removed with the aid of tweezers and evaluation times for E densa were 0 3 6 24 48 72 and dried in a forced circulation oven at 40C for 12h The total 96h after application HAA For P stratiotes times of 0 mass of the plants was measured to determine the absorp 12 24 36 60 84 and 108h after application HAA were tion capacity of each experimental unit in relation to the dry used The times were different for the two species because mass A 02g serving of each experimental unit was indi preliminary tests indicated that there were no major changes vidually subjected to 900C combustion in a biological oxidizer OX 500 RJ Harvey Instrument Corporation Tappan NY EUA for 3 min in the presence of O2 The 14CO2 released from combustion was captured with 10mL of scintillating solution packed in liquid scintillation vials The radioactivity of the 14CO2 from the combustion of the plant containing 14Csaflufenacil was measured by LSS for 5 min Statistical analysis of data The data were submitted to variance analysis ANOVA When significant the means of the different analysis times were compared using the Tukey test P 005 The regres sions are shown with the values of the means and standard deviations and the equations were adjusted with the soft ware SigmaPlot version 100 Systat Software Inc San Jose CA USA Results Dissipation of 14Csaflufenacil for E densa and P stratiotes The dissipation of 14Csaflufenacil in water was analyzed through the constant k and the DT50 obtained from the slope of the curve that shows concentration against time The coefficients of determination R2 were adequate indi cating that the dissipation curves fit the observed data well Figs 1 and 2 The dissipation of 14Csaflufenacil by E densa and P stratiotes in the water samples was efficient The herbicide dissipation in the presence of E densa was 27 at 96 HAA Small variations in dissipation were observed in the initial evaluation times being more significant from 72 HAA Fig 1 For P stratiotes the 14Csaflufenacil dissipation was 37 at 108 HAA Greater herbicide dissipation was observed from 60 HAA Fig 2 Looking at the percentage dissipated per hour in the presence of the macrophytes E densa dissi pated 027 of the herbicide per hour while P stratiotes dissipated 034 P stratiotes remained in the water for 12 h longer than E densa managing to reduce the final concen tration of 14Csaflufenacil by a greater amount In the absence of macrophytes the concentration of the remaining 14Csaflufenacil remained stable without dissipation at approximately 100 of the herbicide initially applied Figs 1 and 2 Therefore herbicide dissipation by the inci dence of light rays or through volatility can be ruled out in this evaluation period The halflife time DT50 of 14Csaflufenacil in the pres ence of E densa was 125 days 3013 h whereas it was 722 days 17328 h in the absence of the macrophyte a reduction of 826 in the DT50 of the herbicide between the two treatments In the presence of P stratiotes the DT50 for 14Csaflufenacil was 37 days 1611 h with a 948 reduc tion in the DT50 of the herbicide 722 days in the absence of any macrophyte Absorption of 14Csaflufenacil for E densa and P stratiotes The absorption of the 14Csaflufenacil by E densa ranged from 07 to 35 of the total initially applied Fig 3 For P stratiotes the absorption ranged from 03 to 14 Fig 4 Greater absorption was found at the final evaluation time 96 and 108 HAA for both macrophytes showing that there is a gradual increase in the absorption rate as the length of contact between the macrophytes and the herbicide increases The herbicide was detected in all the plant tissue of the macrophytes with a uniform distribution The absorption of 14Csaflufenacil seems unrelated to the dissipa tion of the product in water Discussion The macrophyte species showed potential for the dissipation and reduction of DT50 for 14Csaflufenacil in water Saflufenacil in the soil has a DT50 ranging from 20 to 35 days2526 a more intense dissipation than was observed in water in this study 722 days The dissipation rate of Figure 1 Dissipation of 14Csaflufenacil in water with Egeria dense as a percent age of the total applied at 0 3 6 24 48 72 and 96 hours after treatment Vertical bars represent the standard deviations of the means n ¼ 3 Figure 2 Dissipation of the 14Csaflufenacil in water with Pistia stratiotes per centage of the total applied at 0 12 24 36 48 60 84 and 108 hours after treatment Vertical bars represent the standard deviations of the means n ¼ 3 646 F G ALONSO ET AL saflufenacil depends on microbial activity capable of degrad ing the herbicide27 Low sorption and high desorption of saflufenacil in the soil favors the bioavailability of the herbi cide in the root zone for degradation or absorption by the plant25 The roots of macrophytes may indirectly favor herbicide dissipation through root exudation and microor ganisms present in the rhizospheric environment Plants provide a favorable surface for the fixation of microorgan isms and provide organic nutrients to epiphytic microor ganisms in the form of photoassimilates and exudate which stimulate the microbial growth of the rhizosphere28 The transformation of pesticides by microorganisms results in the formation of metabolites that are efficiently absorbed and translocated by plants29 In this study the 14Csaflufe nacil metabolism was not evaluated and this will be import ant for future studies with these macrophyte species The species P stratiotes did not accumulate clomazone in its plant tissues and reduced the residues in the water by 9924 The presence of P stratiotes reduced the DT50 of clomazone by more than 50 and the residues in water by 90 compared with treatment without a macrophyte 21 E densa is a species with potential for the phytoremedia tion of heavy metals 30 and pharmaceuticals from humans31 but the potential of this species in herbicide phytoremediation has not been reported E densa is a sub merged aquatic species32 and the photosynthetic process performed during the evaluation time may be responsible for the dissipation of the herbicide in water Aquatic macro phytes submerged in a body of water alter that bodys physi calchemical environment reducing the level of CO2 and increasing the amount of dissolved oxygen in the waste water causing an increase in the pH of the water33 The change in the pH of the water may influence herbicide dissi pation Saflufenacil has increased solubility in water with a pH of 90 but recovery of 90 of the applied saflufenacil was observed The alkaline hydrolysis of the herbicide under these conditions has been suggested resulting in herbicide dissipation34 The results showed the efficiency of E densa in the dissipation of saflufenacil in water and may be an alternative for phytoremediation studies The evaluation time 5 days may have influenced the low absorption and dissipation 50 of the 14Csaflufena cil by the macrophytes Longer evaluation times may be an alternative for more efficient dissipation since more promis ing results were observed for macrophytes for the highest evaluation times P stratiotes was able to eliminate up to 90 of clomazone residues during 24 days of evaluation21 P stratiotes and E crassipes reduced clomazone concentra tion by 90 and 999 respectively in 28 days24 Future studies should seek to study the effects of longterm herbi cide toxicity on aquatic plants as well as their potential for recovery In addition to the dissipation of the saflufenacil by mac rophytes it is important to analyze the accumulation of the herbicide in the tissue of phytoremediator species as eval uated in this study by the biological oxidation of the macro phytes Optimal contaminant decontamination is achieved when the active ingredient is transformed into nontoxic metabolites35 Studies of herbicide metabolism by macro phytes are necessary to improve the efficiency of the phytor emediation of contaminated waters The species P stratiotes and E densa are described as potential phytoremediator of environments contaminated with heavy metals2336 and organic contaminants3137 At the same time these species showed potential for the phytoremediation of saflufenacil in water and are an important alternative to minimize herbi cide residues for aquatic organisms The conditions of a mesocosm analyzed in this study reflect a natural environ ment under controlled conditions but in the natural envir onment there would be associations of several free macrophytes that are floating submerged emerging etc and this could affect the dissipation of the herbicides Conclusion The macrophytes E densa and P stratiotes accelerated the dissipation process of 14Csaflufenacil in water with low Figure 3 Absorption of 14Csaflufenacil with Egeria densa as a percentage of the total applied at 0 3 6 24 48 72 and 96 hours after treatment Vertical bars represent the standard deviations of the means n ¼ 3 Figure 4 Absorption of 14Csaflufenacil with Pistia stratiotes percentage of the total applied at 0 12 24 36 48 60 84 and 108 hours after treatment Vertical bars represent the standard deviations of the means n ¼ 3 JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH PART B 647 648 F G ALONSO ET AL herbicide absorption by the plant tissues The DTso of the 11 Monqueiro P A Sabbag R Orzari 1 Hijano N Galvani herbicide decreased by 826 for E densa and 948 for P Filho M Dallacosta Vs Krolikowski V Hirata A C S stratiotes compared with treatment without the presence of Lixiviagao de Saflufenacil Residual Apos Periodos de Seca Planta Daninha 2012 30 415423 DOI 101590S0100 macrophytes 83582012000200022 These plants showed potential for the phytoremediation 12 Dalazen G Pisoni A Menegaz C Merotto A Hairy of water contaminated with saflufenacil Longer cultivation Fleabane Conyza Bonarienis Response to Saflufenacil in time of macrophytes in contaminated water is necessary to Association with Different Formulations of Glyphosate increase the dissipation and absorption of saflufenacil by Subjected to Simulated Rainfall Agron Res 2020 18 6376 13 Piasecki C Carvalho I R Avila L A Agostinetto D plants Thus the use of E densa and P stratiotes can be an Vargas L Glyphosate and Saflufenacil Elucidating Their alternative for the decontamination of water close to culti Combined Action on the Control of GlyphosateResistant vated areas Conyza Bonariensis Agriculture 2020 10 118 14 Gerhardt K E Gerwing P D Greenberg B M Opinion Taking Phytoremediation from Proven Technology to Accepted Funding Practice Plant Sci 2017 256 170185 DOI 101016jplantsci 201611016 We would like to tanks the Fundagao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado 15 Madalao J C Souza M F ds Silva A A Silva D V5 de Sao Paulo FAPESP process 18250651 for financial support Jakelaitis A Pereira G A M Action of Canavalia Ensiformis in Remediation of Contaminated Soil with Sulfentrazone Bragantia 2017 76 292299 DOI 10159016784499526 ORCID 16 Passos A B R J Souza M F Silva D V Saraiva D T Silva A A da Zanuncio J C Goncalves B F S Persistence Felipe Gimenes Alonso httporcidorg0000000299000013 of Picloram in Soil with Different Vegetation Managements Kamila Cabral Mielke B httporcidorg0000000195769928 Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2018 25 2398623991 DOI 10 Kassio Ferreira Mendes 8 httporcidorg0000000228698434 1007s113560182443y Valdemar Luiz Tornisielo httporcidorg0000000266186579 17 Teéfilo T M d Ss Mendes K F Fernandes B C C Oliveira F S d Silva T S Takeshita V Souza M d F Tornisielo V L Silva D V Phytoextraction of Diuron References Hexazinone and SulfometuronMethyl from the Soil by Green 1 Lexmond M B Van Bonmatin J M Goulson D Noome Wehomospiere 3030 cmosphere 2020 256 127059 DOI 101016 D A Worldwide Integrated Assessment on Systemic Pesticides 18 Mendes K F Maset B A Mielke K C3 Sousa R N ds Global Collapse of the Entomofauna Exploring the Role of Martins B A B Tornisielo V L Phytoremediation of Systemic Insecticides Environ Sci Pollut Res 2015 22 14 Quinclorac and TebuthiuronPolluted Soil by Green Manure DOI 101007s1135601432201 Plants Int J Phytoremed 2020 0 18 2 Carvalho F P Pesticides Environment and Food Safety Food 19 DosnonOlette R Couderchet M Arfaoui A El Sayen Energy Secur 2017 6 4860 DOI 101002fes3108 Eullaffroy P Influence of Initial Pesticide Concentrations and 3 Ribeiro V H V Alencar B T B Santos NMC d Costa Plant Populati Densi Dimeth h Toxici d pulation Density on Dimethomorp oxicity an VAM 4 Santos J B dos Francino D M T Souza M d Fs Removal by Two Duckweed Species Sci Total Environ 2010 Silva D V Sensitivity of the Macrophytes Pistia Stratiotes and 408 22542259 DOI 101016jscitotenv201001057 Eichhornia Crassipes to Hexazinone and Dissipation of This 20 Qu Ms Li H Li Ns Liu G Zhao J Hua Y Zhu D Pesticide in Aquatic Ecosystems Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2019 Distribution of Atrazine and Its Phytoremediation by 168 177183 DOI 101016jecoenv201810021 Submerged Macrophytes in Lake Sediments Chemosphere 2017 4 Silva A A Comportamento de Herbicidas No Solo In Aspectos 168 15151522 DOI 101016jchemosphere201611164 Da Biologia e Manejo Das Plantas Daninhas 2014 1 167216 21 Escoto D F Gayer M C Bianchini M C Cruz Pereira G 5 Queiroz S C N Ferracini V L Gomes M A F Rosa M A da Roehrs R Denardin E L G Use of Pistia Stratiotes for The Behavior of Hexazinone Herbicide in Recharge Zone of Phytoremediation of Water Resources Contaminated by Guarani Aquifer with Sugarcane Cultivated Area Quim Nova Clomazone Chemosphere 2019 227 299304 DOI 101016j 2009 32 378381 DOI 101590S010040422009000200020 chemosphere201904013 6 Castro D C Cavalcante R Ps Jorge J Martines M A Us 22 Abu Bakar A F Yusoff I Fatt N T Othman F Ashraf Oliveira L C S Casagrande G A Machulek A Synthesis M A Arsenic Zinc and Aluminium Removal from Gold Mine and Characterization of Mesoporous Nb205 and Its Wastewater Effluents and Accumulation by Submerged Aquatic Application for Photocatalytic Degradation of the Herbicide Plants Cabomba Piauhyensis Egeria Densa and Hydrilla Methylviologen J Braz Chem Soc 2016 27 303313 Verticillata Biomed Res Int 2013 2013 7 17 7 Grossmann K Niggeweg R Christiansen N Looser R 23 Ohlbaum M Wadgaonkar S L van Bruggen J J As Ehrhardt T The Herbicide Saflufenacil Kixor is a New Nancharaiah Y V Lens P N L Phytoremediation of Inhibitor of Protoporphyrinogen IX Oxidase Activity Weed Sci Seleniferous Soil Leachate Using the Aquatic Plants Lemna 2010 58 19 DOI 101614WSD09000041 Minor and Egeria Densa Ecol Eng 2018 120 321328 DOI 8 PPDB Pesticide Properties Database Footprint Creating Tools 101016jecoleng201806013 for Pesticide Risk Assessment and Management in Europe 24 Alencar B T B Ribeiro V H V Cabral C M Santos httpssitemhertsacukaeruppdbenReports1244htm N M C dos Ferreira E A Francino D M T Santos 9 Matallo M Franco D A Almeida S D Cerdeira A J B ds Silva D V Souza M d F Use of Macrophytes to Sorption and Desorption of Saflufenacil in Two Soils in the Reduce the Contamination of Water Resources by Pesticides State of Sao Paulo with Different Physical and Chemical Ecol Indic 2020 2020 109 September 2019 105785 DOI Attributes Planta Daninha 2014 32 393399 DOI 101590 101016jecolind2019105785 S010083582014000200017 25 Papiernik S K Koskinen W C Barber B L Low Sorption 10 USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency and Fast Dissipation of the Herbicide Saflufenacil in Surface Pesticide fact sheet safufenacil ofce of prevention pesticides Soils and Subsoils of an Eroded Prairie Landscape J Agric and toxic substances 2009 Food Chem 2012 60 1093610941 DOI 101021jf303271p JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH PART B 649 26 Diesel F Trezzi M M Vidal R A Barancelli M V J 32 Madsen T Hahn P Johansen J Effects of Inorganic Carbon 8 Mizerski P H F Bioassay for Determining Persistence of the Supply on the Nitrogénio Necessdério de Duas Macréfitas Herbicide Saflufenacil in an Oxisol Planta Daninha 2019 37 Submersas Elodea Canadensis e Callitriche Cophocarpa Aquat e019178636 DOI 101590s010083582019370100052 Bot 1998 62 95106 DOI 101016S0304377098000874 27 Camargo E R Senseman S A Haney R L Guice J B 33 Ansari A A Naeem M Gill S S AlZuaibr F M Mccauley G N Soil Residue Analysis and Degradation of Phytoremediation of Contaminated Waters An EcoFriendly Saflufenacil as Affected by Moisture Content and Soil Technology Based on Aquatic Macrophytes Application Egypt Characteristics Pest Manag Sci 2013 69 12911297 DOI 10 J Aquat Res 2020 46 371376 DOI 101016jejar202003 1002ps3494 002 28 Rice P Js Anderson T As Coats J R Phytoremediation of 34 Roskamp J M Turco R F Bischoff M Johnson W G The HerbicideContaminated Surface Water with Aquatic Plants ACS Symp Ser 1997 664 133151 Influence of Carrier Water pH and Hardness on Saflufenacil 29 Dhir B Green Technologies for the Removal of Agrochemicals nay ane noreonity Weed Technol 2013 27 527533 DOI by Aquatic Plants In Agrochemicals Detection Treatment and ee Remediation 2020 569591 pp 35 Alkorta L Garbisu C Phytoremediation of organic contami 30 Harguinteguy C A Pignata M L FerndndezCirelli A nants in soils Bioresour Technol 2001 79 273279 DOI 10 Nickel Lead and Zinc Accumulation and Performance in 1016 80960852401000165 Relation to Their Use in Phytoremediation of Macrophytes 36 Das S Goswami S Talukdar A Das A Study on Cadmium Myriophyllum Aquaticum and Egeria Densa Ecol Eng 2015 Phytoremediation Potential of Water Lettuce Pistia Stratiotes L 82 512516 DOI 101016jecoleng201505039 Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 2014 92 169174 DOI 10 31 Calado S L d M EsterhuizenLondt M Assis HCS d 1007s001280131152y Pflugmacher S Phytoremediation green Technology for the 37 Lin Y L Li B K Removal of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Removal of Mixed Contaminants of a Water Supply Reservoir Care Products by Eichhornia Crassipe and Pistia Stratiotes J Int J Phytoremediation 2019 21 372379 DOI 101080 Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2016 58 318323 DOI 101016j 1522651420181524843 jtice201506007