a History Of Public Health - História da Saúde Pública

MD MONOGRAPHS ON MEDICAL HISTORY under the editorial direction of Félix Martí-Ibáñez, M.D. A HISTORY OF PUBLIC HEALTH George Rosen, M.D., Ph.D., M.P.H. Professor, Health Education School of Public Health and Administrative Medicine, Columbia University Editor, American Journal of Public Health Foreword by Félix Martí-Ibáñez, M.D. Professor and Director of the Department of the History of Medicine, New York Medical College, Flower & Fifth Avenue Hospitals MD MONOGRAPHS ON MEDICAL HISTORY NUMBER ONE MD PUBLICATIONS, INC., NEW YORK © COPYRIGHT 1958 BY MD PUBLICATIONS, INC., NEW YORK, NEW YORK © Copyright under the International Copyright Union. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be duplicated or reproduced in any manner without written per- mission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOG CARD NUMBER 58-8307 DEDICATED TO THE MEMORY OF MY BROTHER Jack Rosen (1912-1952) TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD 13 PREFACE 17 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 21 I THE ORIGINS OF PUBLIC HEALTH 25 Sanitation and Housing 25 Cleanliness and Godliness 27 Disease and the Community 27 II HEALTH AND THE COMMUNITY IN THE GRECO-ROMAN WORLD 30 Greece Problems of Disease 30 Diphtheria 30 Malaria 32 The Nature of Disease 32 Airs, Waters, and Places 33 Colonization and Medical Care 34 Hygiene and Health Education 36 Occupational Health 37 Public Health Administration 37 Rome The Legacy of Greece 37 Water Supply and Sanitation 38 Climate, Soil, and Health 42 Disease: Endemic and Epidemic 43 The Workers’ Health 45 The Provision of Medical Care 46 Baths as well as Bread and Circuses 48 A History of Public Health III PUBLIC HEALTH IN THE MIDDLE AGES (500-1500 A.D.) 50 The Decline of Rome 50 The Middle Ages 51 The Growth of Cities 54 Sanitary Problems of Urban Life 54 Protecting the Consumer 58 Disease in the Middle Ages 59 Leprosy—the Great Blight 62 The Living Dead 64 The Black Death 65 Quarantine 67 What Causes Epidemics? 69 The Organization of Public Health 71 Provision of Medical Care 72 Hospitals and Welfare Institutions 74 The Regimen of Health 77 The Medieval Achievement in Public Health 79 IV MERCANTILISM, ABSOLUTISM AND THE HEALTH OF THE PEOPLE (1500-1750) 81 Brave New Worlds 81 Causes and Consequences 82 The Old Public Health and the New Science 84 New Diseases for a ‘New World’ 85 The English Sweat 86 Jail Fever and the Black Assizes 88 The Red Sickness 89 The Rickets or the English Disease 91 Scurvy—The Black Death of the Sea 92 The Diseases of Workers 93 Contents The Great Pox 96 The Small Pox 99 Malaria and other Diseases 100 Contagion or Epidemic Constitution? 103 Leeuwenhoek and his little animals” 107 Foundations of Public Health Administration 109 Political Arithmetic The Bookkeeping of the State 111 Toward a National Health Policy 114 The Town and the Public Health 120 Street Cleaning and Drainage 122 The Water Supply—Toward Private Enterprise 124 The Lame the Halt and the Blind 127 An Age of Transition 129 • V • HEALTH IN A PERIOD OF ENLIGHTENMENT AND REVOLUTION (1750 1830) 131 A Seed Time of History 131 Enlightenment and Reason 132 Of Human Welfare 135 An Increase of Population 137 The Campaign Against Gin 138 A Slaughter of Innocents 139 All Manner of Conditions and Men 141 Lunacy and Conscience 144 Hospitals and Dispensaries 147 Improvement of Town Life 151 Health in National Policy 160 A Health Code for Enlightened Despots 161 Health and the Rights of Man 167 A Parochial Health Policy 170 The Bookkeeping of Life and Death 172 A Geography of Health and Disease 176 Advice to the People on their Health 180 9 A History of Public Health The Prevalence of Disease 182 Vanolation—Like Cures Like 183 The Cow Pox and a Country Doctor 188 A World of Coal and Iron 190 • VI • INDUSTRIALISM AND THE SANITARY MOVEMENT (1830-1875) 192 Satanic Wheels 192 The Old Poor Law 194 Mobilizing the Labor Force 195 The Doctrine of Philosophical Necessity 197 The View of Political Economy 197 Bentham and the Philosophic Radicals 198 Enter Mr Chadwick 199 The New Poor Law 200 Urban Growth and the Problems of Town Life 201 Reduce Taxes by Preventing Disease? 206 The Sanitary Condition of the People 211 The Health of Towns Commission 216 The General Board of Health 220 Exit Mr Chadwick 221 How quaint the Ways of Paradox! 224 Two Steps Forward One Step Back 227 Eppur se muove 228 Urbanism and the Origins of American Public Health in the Nineteenth Century 237 A Bookseller Turns Crusader 240 The New York Sanitary Survey of 1864 243 A Premature National Health Department 248 Social Revolution Industrialism and Public Hygiene in France 250 National Unification and Health Reform in Germany 253 10 Contents An Era of Statistical Enthusiasm 259 Women and Children First 264 A Period of Great Epidemics 275 —And Some Smaller Ones 278 Miasma versus Contagion— an Epidemiological Conundrum 287 First Steps Toward International Health Organization 290 • VII • THE BACTERIOLOGICAL ERA AND ITS AFTERMATH (1875 1910) 294 The Specific Element in Disease 294 “ A More Rational Account of the Itch 295 A Disease of Silkworms 296 A Revolutionary Anatomist 297 Fights a Rearguard Action Ferments and Microbes 301 The Silkworm Disease and the Germ Theory 304 A Botanist Plays Host to an Unknown Doctor 308 Antisepsis and Asepsis in Surgery 315 Bacteriology and the Public Health 319 The Vanishing Diseases 336 • VIII • THE BACTERIOLOGICAL ERA AND ITS AFTERMATH (CONCLUDED) 344 Economic and Social Trends in a Changing Society 344 The Welfare of Mothers and Children 349 The Health of the School Child 365 A New Kind of Nurse Appears 374 Voluntary Action for Health 382 Teaching the People about Health 393 11 A History of Public Health The Rise of Scientific Nutrition - 404 The Health and Welfare of the Industrial Worker 419 Better Medical Care for the People 439 The Responsibility of Government for the Advancement of Health 463 'No Man is an Island 478 'That unravell'd world whose margin fades 486 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 496 MEMORABLE FIGURES IN THE HISTORY OF PUBLIC HEALTH 507 A SELECTED LIST OF PERIODICALS 516 PUBLIC HEALTH SOCIETIES AND ASSOCIATIONS 520 SCHOOLS OF PUBLIC HEALTH 524 SUBJECT INDEX 526 AUTHOR INDEX 544 12