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RESEARCH LIGHT BLUE Materials Today Volume xxx Number xx xxxx 2025 035 MPa and the toughness of MTPU 33881 1454 MJ m3 was 177 times that of TPU 19114 642 MJ m3 Plasticizing reinforcer1 characterized by its high crosslinking degree led to more obvious microphase separation when incorporated into TPU Fig S9 In the SEM and AFM images of TPU only indistinct microphase separation was observable which was caused by the interaction between the soft and hard segments of polyurethane The addition of plasticizing reinforcer1 resulted in more substantial phase separation During stretching different phases interacted distributing and buffering external forces This composite structure significantly enhanced the tensile strength of MTPU However the addition of only linear oligomers or crosslinking monomersBMI resulted in a significant decrease in the mechanical properties of TPU including strength maximum elongation and Youngs modulus This indicated that the repolymerization of oligomers and crosslinkers in MTPU played a crucial role Fig S10 The ability of the DA reaction to repeatedly dissociate and reassociate endowed MTPU with excellent reprocessability Fig S11 After the second cycle MTPU mostly retained its mechanical properties modulus tensile strength and maximum elongation The high hard segment content and high degree of crosslinking endowed the plasticizing reinforcer with a significantly higher glass transition temperature and enhanced thermal stability compared to TPU Figs S1213 Dynamic mechanical analysis and rheological testing demonstrated that while the storage modulus of conventional TPU decreased sharply with temperature the inclusion of plasticizing reinforcer substantially decelerated this decline in the storage modulus of MTPU Fig 3b The addition of plasticizing reinforcer also enhanced the thermal stability of the polyurethane Creep tests further demonstrated the improvements at 80 creep deformation of TPU reached 196 after 600 s whereas MTPU showed only 057 deformation under identical conditions Fig 3c Notably at 90 MTPUs creep deformation was just 090 markedly lower than that of TPU at 80 Mechanical testing on notched samples revealed that plasticizing reinforcer substantially increases fracture toughness with MTPU displaying a fracture energy of 1342 kJ m2 compared to TPUs fracture energy of 968 kJ m2 Fig 3d These results collectively affirm that plasticizing reinforcer significantly enhances the mechanical properties of polyurethane Unlike traditional reinforcing agents plasticizing reinforcer significantly reduced the viscosity of polyurethane during processing thereby enabling the use of lower processing temperatures Fig 3e At 170 while the complex viscosity of TPU was 1156 Pas MTPU containing 10 plasticizing reinforcer exhibited a reduced viscosity of only 682 Pas constituting a b c d e f FIG 2 Analysis of crosslinking reaction via a model system and investigation of the dynamic performance and stability of plasticizing reinforcer a DielsAlder DA cycloaddition reaction between model compounds bismaleimide and furfurylamine at 25 the retroDA reaction occurs at 130 b 1H NMR spectra after mixing bismaleimide and furfurylamine for different durations at 25 c Conversion versus reaction time of DA model reaction d Photographs of plasticizing reinforcer2 in NNdimethylformamide DMF at varying temperatures Plasticizing reinforcer maintained a stable crosslinked structure below 80 and rapidly dissociated at 130 and the crosslinked structure was restored after the solvent was removed e In situ variabletemperature Fouriertransform infrared spectra of plasticizing reinforcer2 f Relationship between temperature and the complex viscosity of thermoplastic polyurethane TPU and plasticizing reinforcer2 4 Please cite this article in press as Y Wang et al Materials Today 2025 httpsdoiorg101016jmattod202412005 ARTICLE IN PRESS Materials Today Volume xxx Number xx xxxx 2025 RESEARCH LIGHT BLUE 59 of conventional TPUs viscosity With an increase in plasticizing reinforcer content to 20 the reduction effect was more pronounced resulting in a complex viscosity of a mere 360 Pas at 170 C which amounts to 31 of conventional TPUs viscosity Fig S14 This was attributed to the oligomers and BMI monomers dissociating from the plasticizing reinforcer at high temperatures which reduced the viscosity of TPU Fig S15 The above experiments involved the mixing of polyurethane with plasticizing reinforcer using solution blending technology For practical convenience this method was also validated using melt blending with two types of polyurethane sourced from Lubrizol and Huafon The addition of 10 plasticizing reinforcer resulted in an increase in tensile strength by 47 and 37 Fig 3g and a toughness enhancement by 65 and 57 for the Lubrizol and Huafon polyurethanes respectively Moreover at the same temperature MTPUs complex viscosity decreased a b c d e f TPU Plasticizing reinforcer 0 6810 C 130 C 25 C 50 mm 35 mm 20 mm 5 mm 0 mm 836 cm1 maleimide 130 C 12 mm 130 C 0mm Time min Temperature C 130 C 25 C 10 20 30 40 50 60 ppm 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Conversion 110 130 150 170 190 100 101 102 103 104 105 Complex viscosity mPa s 105 104 103 102 101 100 99 98 97 96 95 94 93 92 91 90 89 88 Index RESEARCH LIGHT BLUE Materials Today Volume xxx Number xx xxxx 2025 ity compared to TPU Figs S1213 Dynamic mechanical analysis and rheological testing demonstrated that while the storage modulus of conventional TPU decreased sharply with temperature the inclusion of plasticizing reinforcer substantially decelerated this decline in the storage modulus of MTPU Fig 3b The addition of plasticizing reinforcer also enhanced the thermal stability of the polyurethane Creep tests further demonstrated the improvements at 80C creep deformation of TPU reached 196 after 600 s whereas MTPU showed only 057 deformation under identical conditions Fig 3c Notably at 90 C MTPUs creep deformation was just 090 markedly lower than that of TPU at 80 C Mechanical testing on notched samples revealed that plasticizing reinforcer substantially increases fracture toughness with MTPU displaying a fracture energy of 1342 kJ m2 compared to TPUs fracture energy of 968 kJ m2 Fig 3d These results collectively affirm that plasticizing reinforcer significantly enhances the mechanical properties of polyurethane Unlike traditional reinforcing agents plasticizing reinforcer significantly reduced the viscosity of polyurethane during processing thereby enabling the use of lower processing temperatures Fig 3e At 170 C while the complex viscosity of TPU was 1156 Pas MTPU containing 10 plasticizing reinforcer exhibited a reduced viscosity of only 682 Pas constituting ARTICLE IN PRESS Materials Today Volume xxx Number xx xxxx 2025 RESEARCH LIGHT BLUE a Inspiration Reduced bioenergetic efficiency b This work Reduced viscosity during processing Improved bioenergetic efficiency Fission Fusion Dissociation Reassociation Improved performance during using Thermoplastic polymers TPUPVCPLA Plasticizing reinforcer Oligomer with furan side chains Dynamic bismaleimide crosslinker FIG 1 Design of biomimetic plasticizing reinforcer a Inspiration for plasticizing reinforcer comes from mitochondria which can undergo dynamic fusion and fission b The schematic of the molecular structure of plasticizing reinforcer and modified thermoplastic polymers crosslinked structure prior to reaching the dissociation temperature When heated to 130 plasticizing reinforcer dissolved within 5 min indicating effective dissociation under heat After cooling the plasticizing reinforcer restored its crosslinked structure This was evidenced by the transformation of the DMF solution containing the plasticizing reinforcer from a liquid to a gel state Fig S8 To confirm that the DA adduct was in a dissociated state at 130 we conducted temperaturedependent FTIR experiments on plasticizing reinforcer FTIR spectra recorded at 130 C over different durations Fig 2e revealed an increase in maleimide absorption at 836 cm1 during the heating process This is attributed to the reversible dissociation of plasticizing reinforcer into linear polymers and bismaleimide via the reverse DA reaction which occurs at approximately 130 This thermally driven reversible process does not require additional stimuli Subsequently we conducted viscosity tests on plasticizing reinforcer and TPU across a temperature range of 110 to 190 As the temperature increased the viscosity of TPU gradually decreased whereas the viscosity of plasticizing reinforcer dropped sharply after 130 Fig 2f At 170 the viscosity of TPU was 80 times that of plasticizing reinforcer Similar to mitochondria plasticizing reinforcer underwent dynamic fusion and fission changes at different stages Therefore compared to linear polyurethane plasticizing reinforcer which has a crosslinked structure and higher stability exhibited a significantly lower viscosity under heating conditions This unique reversible reaction provides the potential to design plasticizing reinforcer that transforms under different circumstances for optimal functionality Comparison of TPU performance before and after modification Polyurethane a key elastomer constitutes approximately 8 of global plastic production 31 Despite its widespread use the low degradation temperature and high viscosity of the material during processing pose significant limitations to its development 3233 To address these issues we conducted research on TPU modification Modified thermoplastic polyurethane MTPU had superior mechanical properties compared to the original material Table S2 After formula testing MTPU with 10 plasticizing reinforcer added had higher tensile strength and toughness Representative stressstrain curves for TPU and MTPU are shown in Fig 3a the ultimate tensile strength of MTPU 5719 205 MPa was 162 times that of TPU 3532 ARTICLE IN PRESS RESEARCH LIGHT BLUE Materials Today Volume xxx Number xx xxxx 2025 035 MPa and the toughness of MTPU 33881 1454 MJ m3 was 177 times that of TPU 19114 642 MJ m3 Plasticizing reinforcer1 characterized by its high crosslinking degree led to more obvious microphase separation when incorporated into TPU Fig S9 In the SEM and AFM images of TPU only indistinct microphase separation was observable which was caused by the interaction between the soft and hard segments of polyurethane The addition of plasticizing reinforcer1 resulted in more substantial phase separation During stretching different phases interacted distributing and buffering external forces This composite structure significantly enhanced the tensile strength of MTPU However the addition of only linear oligomers or crosslinking monomersBMI resulted in a significant decrease in the mechanical properties of TPU including strength maximum elongation and Youngs modulus This indicated that the repolymerization of oligomers and crosslinkers in MTPU played a crucial role Fig S10 The ability of the DA reaction to repeatedly dissociate and reassociate endowed MTPU with excellent reprocessability Fig S11 After the second cycle MTPU mostly retained its mechanical properties modulus tensile strength and maximum elongation The high hard segment content and high degree of crosslinking endowed the plasticizing reinforcer with a significantly higher glass transition temperature and enhanced thermal stability compared to TPU Figs S1213 Dynamic mechanical analysis and rheological testing demonstrated that while the storage modulus of conventional TPU decreased sharply with temperature the inclusion of plasticizing reinforcer substantially decelerated this decline in the storage modulus of MTPU Fig 3b The addition of plasticizing reinforcer also enhanced the thermal stability of the polyurethane Creep tests further demonstrated the improvements at 80C creep deformation of TPU reached 196 after 600 s whereas MTPU showed only 057 deformation under identical conditions Fig 3c Notably at 90C MTPUs creep deformation was just 090 markedly lower than that of TPU at 80C Mechanical testing on notched samples revealed that plasticizing reinforcer substantially increases fracture toughness with MTPU displaying a fracture energy of 1342 kJ m2 compared to TPUs fracture energy of 968 kJ m2 Fig 3d These results collectively affirm that plasticizing reinforcer significantly enhances the mechanical properties of polyurethane Unlike traditional reinforcing agents plasticizing reinforcer significantly reduced the viscosity of polyurethane during processing thereby enabling the use of lower processing temperatures Fig 3e At 170 C while the complex viscosity of TPU was 1156 Pas MTPU containing 10 plasticizing reinforcer exhibited a reduced viscosity of only 682 Pas constituting ARTICLE IN PRESS RESEARCH LIGHT BLUE Materials Today Volume xxx Number xx xxxx 2025 a b c d e f g h i j k l Comparison of the properties of polyvinyl chloride PVC and polylactic acid PLA before and after modification a Typical tensile stressstrain curves of PVC and modified polyvinyl chloride MPVC Comparison of the tensile strength and toughness b storage modulus c and creep curves d of PVC and MPVC ef Relationship between temperature and the complex viscosity of PVC and MPVC g Typical tensile stressstrain curves of PLA and modified polylactic acid MPLA Comparison of the maximum elongation and toughness h storage modulus i and creep curves j of PLA and MPLA kl Relationship between temperature and the complex viscosity of PLA and MPLA most abundant plastics worldwide 34 However PVC tends to degrade significantly under heat and pressure Its degradation temperature is approximately 150C which is close to its processing temperature 35 Its inferior thermal stability and fluid plasticity restrict its applications Polyurethane and PVC exhibit partial compatibility 36 When blended with polyurethane the properties of PVC can be significantly modified 37 Additionally polyurethane can serve as a plasticizer for PVC 38 Therefore we blended the commercially available PVC with plasticizing reinforcer2 as polyurethane to enhance its properties The addition of plasticizing reinforcer significantly enhanced the mechanical properties of PVC with modified polyvinyl chloride MPVC containing 20 plasticizing reinforcer exhibiting the highest tensile strength and toughness Table S4 Representative stressstrain curves for PVC and MPVC are shown in Fig 4a The ultimate tensile strength of MPVC 2727 042 MPa was 188 times that of PVC 1446 038 MPa and the toughness of MPVC 7286 353 MJ m3 was 135 times that of PVC 5399 419 MJ m3 Fig 4b The repolymerization ability of the plasticizing reinforcer grants MPVC excellent reprocessability Fig S16 The mechanical properties of MPVC modulus tensile strength and maximum elongation did not significantly decline after the second cycle of processing Furthermore the addition of plasticizing reinforcer moderated the rapid decrease in the storage modulus of conventional PVC Fig 4c At 90 C the creep deformation of PVC reached 075 after 600 s whereas MPVC under the same conditions showed only 022 deformation Fig 4d This indicates that MPVC has superior heat resistance compared to that of PVC MPVC also demonstrated a lower viscosity within the processing temperature range with a 31 reduction at 170 C Fig 4ef At the same temperature the viscosity of the modified thermoplastic polymer decreased significantly indicating that it could reach the viscosity required for processing at a lower temperature A reduction in processing temperature can reduce thermal degradation during polymer processing thereby improving the mechanical properties of the product Despite being a significant component of global bioplastic production PLA is hindered by several limitations such as inadequate heat resistance and low elongation at break 39 These limita ARTICLE IN PRESS Materials Today Volume xxx Number xx xxxx 2025 RESEARCH LIGHT BLUE in the storage modulus of conventional PLA Fig 4i and provided MPLA with superior creep resistance at 80 C compared to conventional PLA Fig 4j This shows that MPLA has better heat resistance than PLA Furthermore MPLA exhibited a lower viscosity than PLA within the processing temperature range Fig 4k At 180 C the viscosity of MPLA was decreased by 44 in comparison to that of PLA Fig 4l Conclusion Inspired by mitochondria in cells that undergo dynamic fusion and fission we design and create plasticizing reinforcers capable of adaptable dissociation and association Plasticizing reinforcers can be readily blended into thermoplastic polymers to simultaneously enhance their mechanical and processing performance which are usually to be recognized mutually exclusive The efficacy and universality of this strategy has been validated using widely used polymers including TPU PVC and PLA The plasticizing reinforcer modified polyurethane from commercial TPU exhibited outstanding tensile strength which surpassed that of all conventional TPU products demonstrating the power of this technology Plasticizing reinforcers exhibit the unexpected dual effects on the polymers and redefine our traditional understanding of plasticizers and reinforcers two most common and important polymer modifiers This strategy is general and the structures of plasticizing reinforcers can be readily designed to optimize their performance in diverse polymers This study also shows a new way to practical use emerging dynamic covalent bonds and can be readily integrated into industrial processes Overall this work provides a general and powerful way for high performance polymers and holds great potential on industrial translation 6 Please cite this article in press as Y Wang et al Materials Today 2025 httpsdoiorg101016jmattod202412005 ARTICLE IN PRESS Materials Today Volume xxx Number xx xxxx 2025 RESEARCH LIGHT BLUE ELSEVIER Mitochondriainspired general strategy simultaneously enhances contradictory properties of commercial polymers Yuepeng Wang Lei Yang Bo Qian Yihan Wang Zekai Wu Jiani Wu Yujie Jia Zhengwei You State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials Institute of Functional Materials College of Materials Science and Engineering Donghua University Research Base of Textile Materials for Flexible Electronics and Biomedical Applications China Textile Engineering Society Shanghai Key Laboratory of Lightweight Composite Shanghai Engineering Research Center of NanoBiomaterials and Regenerative Medicine Shanghai 201620 PR China Thermoplastic polymers have become indispensable in modern life The processability and mechanical performance of thermoplastic polymers are extremely important however they are mutually conflicting and difficult to enhance simultaneously Inspired by the dynamic fission and fusion of mitochondria we designed a dynamically crosslinked plasticizing reinforcer complexed with thermoplastic polymers Plasticizing reinforcer maintained a stable crosslinked structure under routine usage conditions and dissociated into linear oligomers and monomers when processed leading to a significant enhancement in both the mechanical performance and processability of thermoplastic polymers We demonstrated the effectiveness and versatility of this strategy by modifying thermoplastic polyurethane polyvinyl chloride and polylactic acid Notably after modification the strength of polyurethane significantly increased reaching 758 MPa and exceeding that of all thermoplastic polyurethane products Concurrently its viscosity was reduced by 70 No similar dual modulation effects on mechanical and processing properties have been reported previously This study provides simple general and readily industrializable way to simultaneously enhance multiple typically contradictory aspects of polymers Introduction Thermoplastic polymers constitute approximately 80 of the total polymer market with an annual production of over 200 million tons and play a crucial role in human life 12 Mechanical properties and processability are the most important aspects of thermoplastic polymers however the intrinsic conflict between these aspects is a major challenge in the advancement of nextgeneration materials 34 Numerous efforts have been made to address this issue including the development of vitrimers 56 supramolecular polymer networks 7 polymer blending 8 and new processing equipment 9 However these methods typically require polymers with specialized structural designs or they are only suitable for specific polymers and therefore difficult to generalize 12 Additives are used to modify properties pervading almost all applications of thermoplastic polymers 1011 Common reinforcing agents in polymers such as carbon fibers glass fibers and carbon black can significantly improve mechanical properties 1214 However these agents rapidly increase the viscosity of the resin by several orders of magnitude making subsequent processing extremely challenging Small molecules or oligomers are often employed as plasticizers to decrease the viscosity of thermoplastic polymers during processing however they also reduce the mechanical strength of the polymer 1517 For instance the use of low molecular weight polyester has been shown to reduce the viscosity of polylactic acid during processing however it also decreases its yield strength from 62 MPa to 79 MPa 18 Although plasticizers and reinforcing agents are crucial they can also lead to the degradation of other properties Therefore simultaneously improving the mechanical and processing properties of thermoplastic polymers remains a challenge Additives in polymers generally remain in a stable state thus performing only a single function However dynamic processes such as fusion and fission are common in biological systems such as mitochondria which are essential to accommodate the diverse and opposing physiological needs of cells at various stages 1920 This observation inspires the design of the dynamic additives capable of fusion and fission In cells with abundant nutrients mitochondria tend to remain in a fragmented state which reduces their bioenergetic efficiency and avoids the harmful effects associated with nutrient overload In contrast in nutrientdeprived cells the mitochondria tend to maintain a connected state which enhances their bioenergetic efficiency thereby ensuring survival under conditions of limited nutrient supply 21 Inspired by these reversible changes in mitochondria we conceptualized and synthesized a plasticizing reinforcer capable of undergoing adaptable fusion and fission Fig 1 Plasticizing reinforcers are dynamic covalently crosslinked polymers They can be incorporated into thermoplastic polymers using simple blending methods to enhance both the mechanical properties and thermal stability of the polymer During the normal usage phase the crosslinked network of plasticizing reinforcer interpenetrates the linear molecular chains of the thermoplastic polymer thereby strengthening the polymer 22 During the processing stage plasticizing reinforcer is adaptively converted into linear oligomers and small molecules which decreased the intermolecular interactions in thermoplastic polymers and increased the fluidity of the molecular chains beneficial for reducing viscosity and facilitating processing molecules at temperatures exceeding 130 C these are easy to melt and dissolve and can be conveniently incorporated into thermoplastic polymers After processing the efficient reaction between furan and maleimide restores plasticizing reinforcer to a stable covalently crosslinked structure Plasticizing reinforcer undergoes structural evolution in response to changes in the usage and processing state of the polymer without requiring any additional stimuli We obtained plasticizing reinforcer1 for thermoplastic polyurethane TPU through the onepot polymerization of isophorone diisocyanate diphenylmethane diisocyanate furfurylamine and bismaleimide Fig S1 Furthermore we obtained plasticizing reinforcer2 for use with PVC and PLA through the onepot polymerization of polytetraethylene ether glycol diphenylmethane diisocyanate furfurylamine and bismaleimide Fig S2 The structures of plasticizing reinforcer1 and plasticizing reinforcer2 were characterized using Fouriertransform infrared FTIR spectroscopy in the attenuated total reflection mode As shown in Fig S4 the absorption peak at 2270 cm1 attributed to the NCO functionality disappeared upon polymerization indicating that isocyanate completely reacted 29 Isocyanates react with amino groups to form urea bonds which subsequently react with isocyanates to form biuret bonds The overlapping infrared characteristic peaks of urea and biuret bonds in plasticizing reinforcer1 were separated and integrated Consequently it was determined that 54 of the urea bonds further reacted with isocyanates to form biuret bonds Fig S6 Additionally the data revealed that the oligomers contain a significant amount of molecules with three or four furan functional groups which ensured the efficient dynamic crosslinking of the oligomers with BMI The ratio of biuret to urea bonds in plasticizing reinforcer2 Therefore we blended the commercially available PVC with plasticizing reinforcer2 as polyurethane to enhance its properties The addition of plasticizing reinforcer significantly enhanced the mechanical properties of PVC with modified polyvinyl chloride MPVC containing 20 plasticizing reinforcer exhibiting the highest tensile strength and toughness Table S4 Representative stressstrain curves for PVC and MPVC are shown in Fig 4a The ultimate tensile strength of MPVC 2727 042 MPa was 388 times that of PVC 1446 038 MPa and the toughness of MPVC 7286 353 MJ m3 was 135 times that of PVC 5399 419 MJ m3 Fig 4b The repolymerization ability of the plasticizing reinforcer grants MPVC excellent reprocessability Fig S16 The mechanical properties of MPVC modulus tensile strength and maximum elongation did not significantly decline after the second cycle of processing Furthermore the addition of plasticizing reinforcer moderated the rapid decrease in the storage modulus of conventional PVC Fig 4c At 90 C the creep deformation of PVC reached 075 after 600 s whereas MPVC under the same conditions showed only 022 deformation Fig 4d This indicates that MPVC has superior heat resistance compared to that of PVC MPVC also demonstrated a lower viscosity within the processing temperature range with a 31 reduction at 170 C Fig 4ef At the same temperature the viscosity of the modified thermoplastic polymer decreased significantly indicating that it could reach the viscosity required for processing at a lower temperature A reduction in processing temperature can reduce thermal degradation during polymer processing thereby improving the mechanical properties of the product Despite being a significant component of global bioplastic production PLA is hindered by several limitations such as inadequate toughness and low elongation at break 39 These limitations restrict its use in multiple domains Polyurethane can act as a toughening agent forming phase separation structures within the PLA matrix to enhance the materials toughness and maximum elongation 4041 The addition of plasticizing reinforcer significantly enhanced the toughness of PLA The crosssection of PLA after tensile testing was smooth and exhibited brittle fracture In contrast MPLA generated shear bands and silver streaks induced by stress concentration Fig S17 which absorbed and dissipated energy thereby improving the materials toughness 42 MPLA containing 10 plasticizing reinforcer had the highest tensile strength and toughness Table S3 Representative stressstrain curves for PLA and MPLA are shown in Fig 4g The addition of plasticizing reinforcer increased the maximum elongation rate of MPLA to 312 times that of PLA from 651 073 to 2032 178 Fig 4h The toughness also increased from 209 027 MJ m3 to 740 069 MJ m3 which is 354 times the original value Fig 4h The addition of plasticizing reinforcer improved the toughness of MPLA with minimal impact on its crystallinity melting point and crystallization temperature Fig S18 The outstanding dynamic properties of the plasticizing reinforcer grant MPLA excellent reprocessability Fig S19 After the second cycle of processing the mechanical properties of M PLA toughness tensile strength and maximum elongation recovered to 85 or more of their original state The addition of plasticizing reinforcer slowed down the rapid decline in the storage modulus of conventional PLA Fig 4i and provided MPLA with superior creep resistance at 80 C compared to conventional PLA Fig 4j This shows that MPLA has better heat resistance than PLA Furthermore MPLA exhibited a lower viscosity than PLA within the processing temperature range Fig 4k At 180 C the viscosity of MPLA was decreased by 44 in comparison to that of PLA Fig 4l Conclusion Inspired by mitochondria in cells that undergo dynamic fusion and fission we design and create plasticizing reinforcers capable of adaptable dissociation and association Plasticizing reinforcers can be readily blended into thermoplastic polymers to simultaneously enhance their mechanical and processing performance which are usually to be recognized mutually exclusive The efficacy and universality of this strategy has been validated using widely used polymers including TPU PVC and PLA The plasticizing reinforcer modified polyurethane from commercial TPU exhibited outstanding tensile strength which surpassed that of all conventional TPU products demonstrating the power of this technology Plasticizing reinforcers exhibit the unexpected dual effects on the polymers and redefine our traditional understanding of plasticizers and reinforcers two most common and important polymer modifiers This strategy is general and the structures of plasticizing reinforcers can be readily designed to optimize their performance in diverse polymers This study also shows a new way to practical use emerging dynamic covalent bonds and can be readily integrated into industrial processes Overall this work provides a general and powerful way for high performance polymers and holds great potential on industrial translation Author contributions ZY and YW conceived the concept and designed the experiments ZY supervised the whole project YW performed the experiments BQ YW LY and YJ assisted data analysis ZW and JW assisted with schematic preparation YW and ZY wrote and reviewed the manuscript CRediT authorship contribution statement Yuepeng Wang Writing review editing Writing original draft Visualization Validation Software Methodology Investigation Funding acquisition Formal analysis Data curation Conceptualization Lei Yang Visualization Project administration Methodology Investigation Bo Qian Methodology Investigation Data curation Yihan Wang Visualization Investigation Data curation Zekai Wu Writing original draft Visualization Methodology Jiani Wu Visualization Methodology Investigation Yujie Jia Writing review editing Writing original draft Zhengwei You Writing review editing Writing original draft Supervision Software Resources Project administration Methodology Funding acquisition Conceptualization Please cite this article in press as Y Wang et al Materials Today 2025 httpsdoiorg101016jmattod202412005 13697021 2024 Published by Elsevier Ltd httpsdoiorg101016jmattod202412005 1 ARTICLE IN PRESS RESEARCH LIGHT BLUE Materials Today Volume xxx Number xx xxxx 2025 RESEARCH LIGHT BLUE to 79 MPa 18 Although plasticizers and reinforcing agents are crucial they can also lead to the degradation of other properties Therefore simultaneously improving the mechanical and processing properties of thermoplastic polymers remains a challenge Additives in polymers generally remain in a stable state thus performing only a single function However dynamic processes such as fusion and fission are common in biological systems such as mitochondria which are essential to accommodate the diverse and opposing physiological needs of cells at various stages 1920 This observation inspires the design of the dynamic additives capable of fusion and fission In cells with abundant nutrients mitochondria tend to remain in a fragmented state which reduces their bioenergetic efficiency and avoids the harmful effects associated with nutrient overload In contrast in nutrientdeprived cells the mitochondria tend to maintain a connected state which enhances their bioenergetic efficiency thereby ensuring survival under conditions of limited nutrient supply 21 Inspired by these reversible changes in mitochondria we conceptualized and synthesized a plasticizing reinforcer capable of undergoing adaptable fusion and fission Fig 1 Plasticizing reinforcers are dynamic covalently crosslinked polymers They can be incorporated into thermoplastic polymers using simple blending methods to enhance both the mechanical properties and thermal stability of the polymer During the normal usage phase the crosslinked network of plasticizing reinforcer interpenetrates the linear molecular chains of the thermoplastic polymer thereby strengthening the polymer 22 During the processing stage plasticizing reinforcer is adaptively converted into linear oligomers and small molecules which decreased the intermolecular interactions in thermoplastic polymers and increased the fluidity of the molecular chains beneficial for reducing viscosity and facilitating processing molecules at temperatures exceeding 130 C these are easy to melt and dissolve and can be conveniently incorporated into thermoplastic polymers After processing the efficient reaction between furan and maleimide restores plasticizing reinforcer to a stable covalently crosslinked structure Plasticizing reinforcer undergoes structural evolution in response to changes in the usage and processing state of the polymer without requiring any additional stimuli We obtained plasticizing reinforcer1 for thermoplastic polyurethane TPU through the onepot polymerization of isophorone diisocyanate diphenylmethane diisocyanate furfurylamine and bismaleimide Fig S1 Furthermore we obtained plasticizing reinforcer2 for use with PVC and PLA through the onepot polymerization of polytetraethylene ether glycol diphenylmethane diisocyanate furfurylamine and bismaleimide Fig S2 The structures of plasticizing reinforcer1 and plasticizing reinforcer2 were characterized using Fouriertransform infrared FTIR spectroscopy in the attenuated total reflection mode As shown in Fig S4 the absorption peak at 2270 cm1 attributed to the NCO functionality disappeared upon polymerization indicating that isocyanate completely reacted 29 Isocyanates react with amino groups to form urea bonds which subsequently react with isocyanates to form biuret bonds The overlapping infrared characteristic peaks of urea and biuret bonds in plasticizing reinforcer1 were separated and integrated Consequently it was determined that 54 of the urea bonds further reacted with isocyanates to form biuret bonds Fig S6 Additionally the data revealed that the oligomers contain a significant amount of molecules with three or four furan functional groups which ensured the efficient dynamic crosslinking of the oligomers with BMI The ratio of biuret to urea bonds in plasticizing reinforcer2 Therefore we blended the commercially available PVC with plasticizing reinforcer2 as polyurethane to enhance its properties The addition of plasticizing reinforcer significantly enhanced the mechanical properties of PVC with modified polyvinyl chloride MPVC containing 20 plasticizing reinforcer exhibiting the highest tensile strength and toughness Table S4 Representative stressstrain curves for PVC and MPVC are shown in Fig 4a The ultimate tensile strength of MPVC 2727 042 MPa was 388 times that of PVC 1446 038 MPa and the toughness of MPVC 7286 353 MJ m3 was 135 times that of PVC 5399 419 MJ m3 Fig 4b The repolymerization ability of the plasticizing reinforcer grants MPVC excellent reprocessability Fig S16 The mechanical properties of MPVC modulus tensile strength and maximum elongation did not significantly decline after the second cycle of processing Furthermore the addition of plasticizing reinforcer moderated the rapid decrease in the storage modulus of conventional PVC Fig 4c At 90 C the creep deformation of PVC reached 075 after 600 s whereas MPVC under the same conditions showed only 022 deformation Fig 4d This indicates that MPVC has superior heat resistance compared to that of PVC MPVC also demonstrated a lower viscosity within the processing temperature range with a 31 reduction at 170 C Fig 4ef At the same temperature the viscosity of the modified thermoplastic polymer decreased significantly indicating that it could reach the viscosity required for processing at a lower temperature A reduction in processing temperature can reduce thermal degradation during polymer processing thereby improving the mechanical properties of the product Despite being a significant component of global bioplastic production PLA is hindered by several limitations such as inadequate toughness and low elongation at break 39 These limitations restrict its use in multiple domains Polyurethane can act as a toughening agent forming phase separation structures within the PLA matrix to enhance the materials toughness and maximum elongation 4041 The addition of plasticizing reinforcer significantly enhanced the toughness of PLA The crosssection of PLA after tensile testing was smooth and exhibited brittle fracture In contrast MPLA generated shear bands and silver streaks induced by stress concentration Fig S17 which absorbed and dissipated energy thereby improving the materials toughness 42 MPLA containing 10 plasticizing reinforcer had the highest tensile strength and toughness Table S3 Representative stressstrain curves for PLA and MPLA are shown in Fig 4g The addition of plasticizing reinforcer increased the maximum elongation rate of MPLA to 312 times that of PLA from 651 073 to 2032 178 Fig 4h The toughness also increased from 209 027 MJ m3 to 740 069 MJ m3 which is 354 times the original value Fig 4h The addition of plasticizing reinforcer improved the toughness of MPLA with minimal impact on its crystallinity melting point and crystallization temperature Fig S18 The outstanding dynamic properties of the plasticizing reinforcer grant MPLA excellent reprocessability Fig S19 After the second cycle of processing the mechanical properties of M PLA toughness tensile strength and maximum elongation recovered to 85 or more of their original state The addition of plasticizing reinforcer slowed down the rapid decline in the storage modulus of conventional PLA Fig 4i and provided MPLA with superior creep resistance at 80 C compared to conventional PLA Fig 4j This shows that MPLA has better heat resistance than PLA Furthermore MPLA exhibited a lower viscosity than PLA within the processing temperature range Fig 4k At 180 C the viscosity of MPLA was decreased by 44 in comparison to that of PLA Fig 4l Conclusion Inspired by mitochondria in cells that undergo dynamic fusion and fission we design and create plasticizing reinforcers capable of adaptable dissociation and association Plasticizing reinforcers can be readily blended into thermoplastic polymers to simultaneously enhance their mechanical and processing performance which are usually to be recognized mutually exclusive The efficacy and universality of this strategy has been validated using widely used polymers including TPU PVC and PLA The plasticizing reinforcer modified polyurethane from commercial TPU exhibited outstanding tensile strength which surpassed that of all conventional TPU products demonstrating the power of this technology Plasticizing reinforcers exhibit the unexpected dual effects on the polymers and redefine our traditional understanding of plasticizers and reinforcers two most common and important polymer modifiers This strategy is general and the structures of plasticizing reinforcers can be readily designed to optimize their performance in diverse polymers This study also shows a new way to practical use emerging dynamic covalent bonds and can be readily integrated into industrial processes Overall this work provides a general and powerful way for high performance polymers and holds great potential on industrial translation Author contributions ZY and YW conceived the concept and designed the experiments ZY supervised the whole project YW performed the experiments BQ YW LY and YJ assisted data analysis ZW and JW assisted with schematic preparation YW and ZY wrote and reviewed the manuscript CRediT authorship contribution statement Yuepeng Wang Writing review editing Writing original draft Visualization Validation Software Methodology Investigation Funding acquisition Formal analysis Data curation Conceptualization Lei Yang Visualization Project administration Methodology Investigation Bo Qian Methodology Investigation Data curation Yihan Wang Visualization Investigation Data curation Zekai Wu Writing original draft Visualization Methodology Jiani Wu Visualization Methodology Investigation Yujie Jia Writing review editing Writing original draft Zhengwei You Writing review editing Writing original draft Supervision Software Resources Project administration Methodology Funding acquisition Conceptualization Please cite this article in press as Y Wang et al Materials Today 2025 httpsdoiorg101016jmattod202412005 13697021 2024 Published by Elsevier Ltd httpsdoiorg101016jmattod202412005 7 ARTICLE IN PRESS RESEARCH LIGHT BLUE Materials Today Volume xxx Number xx xxxx 2025 RESEARCH LIGHT BLUE Data availability All data needed to evaluate the conclusions in the paper are present in the paper andor the Supplementary Materials Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper Acknowledgments This study was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China 52473004 52173117 21991123 Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality 20DZ2254900 and 20DZ2270800 the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities CUSFDHT2024005 Appendix A Supplementary material Supplementary data to this article can be found online at httpsdoiorg101016jmattod202412005 References 1 P Kissel et al Nat Chem 4 4 2012 287 2 P Shieh et al Nature 583 7817 2020 542 3 GM Scheutz et al J Am Chem Soc 141 41 2019 16181 4 H Tan et al Nat Commun 14 1 2023 2218 5 Z Hu et al Angew Chem Int Ed 62 34 2023 e202306039 6 X Wu et al Science 384 6697 2024 eadf9989 7 Y Liu et al Angew Chem Int Ed 62 20 2023 e202302370 8 Z Liu et al J Appl Polym Sci 138 41 2021 51204 9 S Qin et al Compos Part BEng 198 2020 108243 10 Z Zhang et al Compos Commun 43 2023 101731 11 SE Neumann et al Science 383 6689 2024 1337 12 SC Chen et al Plast Rubber Compos 33 23 2013 113 13 Z Liu et al Polymer 188 2020 122136 14 S Ma et al Compos Part BEng 225 2022 109348 15 BL Batchelor et al Carbon 98 2016 681 16 M Usselmann et al Adv Mater 35 6 2023 2208484 17 H Cheng et al Adv Fiber Mater 3 4 2022 532 18 F Cicogna et al Polym Int 66 6 2017 761 19 F Kraus et al Nature 590 7844 2021 57 20 S Gao J Hu Trends Cell Biol 31 1 2021 62 21 M Liesa Shirihai S Orian Cell Metab 17 4 2013 491 22 WT Dai et al Mater Today Phys 27 2022 100768 23 I Olazabal et al ACS Sustainable Chem Eng 11 1 2023 332 24 LA Miranda Yánez et al Int J Adhes Adhes 127 2022 103500 25 MW Myburgh et al Bioresour Technol 378 2023 129008 26 Y Guo et al Adv Funct Mater 31 9 2020 2009799 27 Y Guo et al Adv Funct Mater 31 50 2021 2106281 28 CR Ratwani et al Prog Mater Sci 131 2023 101001 29 YP Wang et al Chin J Polym Sci 41 11 2023 1725 30 P Du et al New J Chem 38 2 2014 770 31 G Chen et al J Hazard Mater 453 2023 131406 32 Z Qiao et al Chem Eng J 384 2020 123287 33 F Xie et al Prog Polym Sci 90 2019 211 34 PW Skelly et al Polym Rev 62 3 2022 485 35 K Endo Prog Polym Sci 27 10 2002 2021 36 VJ Pita et al Polym Test 21 5 2002 545 37 CS Ha et al Polymer 39 20 1998 4765 38 CJ Chen et al Macr Sci Eng A 528 15 2011 4917 39 S Krishnan et al PolymPlast Technol 55 15 2015 1623 40 T Shou et al Compos Part BEng 276 2024 111363 41 RM Rasal et al Prog Polym Sci 35 3 2010 338 42 C Bucknall D Clayton J Mater Sci 7 1972 202 Please cite this article in press as Y Wang et al Materials Today 2025 httpsdoiorg101016jmattod202412005 8 8 Introduction Thermoplastic polymers constitute approximately 80 of the total polymer market with an annual production of over 200 million tons and play a crucial role in human life 12 Mechanical properties and processability are the most important aspects of thermoplastic polymers however the intrinsic conflict between these aspects is a major challenge in the advancement of nextgeneration materials 34 Numerous efforts have been made to address this issue including the development of vitrimers 56 supramolecular polymer networks 7 polymer blending 8 and new processing equipment 9 However these methods typically require polymers with specialized structural designs or they are only suitable for specific polymers and therefore difficult to generalize Additives are used to modify properties pervading almost all applications of thermoplastic polymers 1011 Common reinforcing agents in polymers such as carbon fibers glass fibers and carbon black can significantly improve mechanical properties 1214 However these agents rapidly increase the viscosity of the resin by several orders of magnitude making subsequent processing extremely challenging Small molecules or oligomers are often employed as plasticizers to decrease the viscosity of thermoplastic polymers during processing however they also reduce the mechanical strength of the polymer 1517 For instance the use of low molecular weight polyester has been shown to reduce the viscosity of polylactic acid during processing however it also decreases its yield strength from 62 MPa to 79 MPa 18 Although plasticizers and reinforcing agents are crucial they can also lead to the degradation of other properties Therefore simultaneously improving the mechanical and processing properties of thermoplastic polymers remains a challenge Additives in polymers generally remain in a stable state thus performing only a single function However dynamic processes such as fusion and fission are common in biological systems such as mitochondria which are essential to accommodate the diverse and opposing physiological needs of cells at various stages 1920 This observation inspires the design of the dynamic additives capable of fusion and fission In cells with abundant nutrients mitochondria tend to remain in a fragmented state which reduces their bioenergetic efficiency and avoids the harmful effects associated with nutrient overload In contrast in nutrientdeprived cells the mitochondria tend to maintain a connected state which enhances their bioenergetic efficiency thereby ensuring survival under conditions of limited nutrient supply 21 Inspired by these reversible changes in mitochondria we conceptualized and synthesized a plasticizing reinforcer capable of undergoing adaptable fusion and fission Fig 1 Plasticizing reinforcers are dynamic covalently crosslinked polymers They can be incorporated into thermoplastic polymers using simple blending methods to enhance both the mechanical properties and thermal stability of the polymer During the normal usage phase the crosslinked network of plasticizing reinforcer interpenetrates the linear molecular chains of the thermoplastic polymer thereby strengthening the polymer 22 During the processing stage plasticizing reinforcer is adaptively converted into linear oligomers and small molecules which decreased the intermolecular interactions in thermoplastic polymers and increased the fluidity of the molecular chains beneficial for reducing viscosity and facilitating processing Upon return to the usage temperature at the end of processing the oligomers and small molecules were shown to spontaneously form a crosslinked structure and they therefore continued to enhance the mechanical properties of the material In this study three representative polymers have been selected to verify the generality and effectiveness of this strategy These include the most widely used polymers polyurethane with a current annual production of up to 20 million tons 23 polyvinyl chloride PVC with a current annual production of up to 37 million tons 24 and polylactic acid PLA which is the major contributor to global bioplastic production 25 Results and discussion Design and characteristics of plasticizing reinforcer We designed plasticizing reinforcer based on the DielsAlder DA reaction Plasticizing reinforcer consists of linear oligomers with densely packed furan groups as side chains and bismaleimide groups as dynamic crosslinkers Fig 1 A unique feature of this specific combination of furan and maleimide is its ability to rapidly undergo the DA cycloaddition reaction at room temperature In contrast the retroDA reaction occurs at approximately 130C 2628 The processing temperature of most thermoplastic polymers exceeds the retroDA reaction temperature Plasticizing reinforcer therefore exists as oligomers and small molecules at temperatures exceeding 130C these are easy to melt and dissolve and can be conveniently incorporated into thermoplastic polymers After processing the efficient reaction between furan and maleimide restores plasticizing reinforcer to a stable covalently crosslinked structure Plasticizing reinforcer undergoes structural evolution in response to changes in the usage and processing state of the polymer without requiring any additional stimuli We obtained plasticizing reinforcer1 for thermoplastic polyurethane TPU through the onepot polymerization of isophorone diisocyanate diphenylmethane diisocyanate furfurylamine and bismmaleimide Fig S1 Furthermore we obtained plasticizing reinforcer2 for use with PVC and PLA through the onepot polymerization of polytetraethylene ether glycol diphenylmethane diisocyanate furfurylamine and bismaleimide Fig S2 The structures of plasticizing reinforcer1 and plasticizing reinforcer2 were characterized using Fouriertransform infrared FTIR spectroscopy in the attenuated total reflection mode As shown in Fig S4 the absorption peak at 2270 cm1 attributed to the NCO functionality disappeared upon polymerization indicating that isocyanate completely reacted 29 Isocyanates react with amino groups to form urea bonds which subsequently react with isocyanates to form biuret bonds The overlapping infrared characteristic peaks of urea and biuret bonds in plasticizing reinforcer1 were separated and integrated Consequently it was determined that 54 of the urea bonds further reacted with isocyanates to form biuret bonds Fig S5 The mass spectra of the oligomers confirmed that the secondary amine bonds further reacted with isocyanates to form biuret bonds Fig S6 Additionally the data revealed that the oligomers contain a significant amount of molecules with three or four furan functional groups which ensured the efficient dynamic crosslinking of the oligomers with BMI The ratio of biuret to urea bonds in plasticizing reinforcer2 was similar to that in plasticizing reinforcer1 because of almost the same reaction conditions We also conducted swelling experiments to confirm the crosslinked structures of the two prepared plasticizing reinforcers The DA reactivity between model compounds furfurylamine and bismaleimide was investigated using 1H NMR spectroscopy Fig 2a A 21 M ratio of furfurylamine and bismaleimide were mixed in dimethyl sulfoxided6 at 25 C Within a few minutes evidence of the DA reaction was observed as indicated by the decrease in peak intensity at approximately 753 ppm and the increase at approximately 640 ppm Fig 2b 30 These peaks correspond to the protons of the furan starting material and DA adduct respectively Fig S7 The progress of the DA reaction was evaluated by comparing the ratio of the integrated intensities of the chemical shifts assigned to the DA adduct and the furan group Furfurylamine and bismaleimide react rapidly at 25 C achieving a conversion rate of over 70 within 10 min Fig 2c The conversion rate continued to increase over time reaching 86 after 24 h Having confirmed that the DA reaction proceeded effectively at 25 C via a model system we sought to assess the temperaturedependent behavior of plasticizing reinforcer itself Plasticizing reinforcer was immersed in NNdimethylformamide for 24 h and remained undissolved during this time period Fig 2d Upon heating to 80C the plasticizing reinforcer swelled without dissolving demonstrating its stable 59 of conventional TPUs viscosity With an increase in plasticizing reinforcer content to 20 the reduction effect was more pronounced resulting in a complex viscosity of a mere 360 Pas at 170C which amounts to 31 of conventional TPUs viscosity Fig S14 This was attributed to the oligomers and BMI monomers dissociating from the plasticizing reinforcer at high temperatures which reduced the viscosity of TPU Fig S15 The above experiments involved the mixing of polyurethane with plasticizing reinforcer using solution blending technology For practical convenience this method was also validated using melt blending with two types of polyurethane sourced from Lubrizol and Huafon The addition of 10 plasticizing reinforcer resulted in an increase in tensile strength by 47 and 37 Fig 3g and a toughness enhancement by 65 and 57 for the Lubrizol and Huafon polyurethanes respectively Moreover at the same temperature MTPUs complex viscosity decreased significantly with Huafon polyurethane demonstrating a 70 viscosity reduction upon modification at a processing temperature of 190C Fig 3h Concurrently MTPU attained a tensile strength of 758 MPa surpassing that of all commercially available TPUs to our knowledge Fig 3f As shown in Table S5 while traditional plasticizers tend to decrease the mechanical strength of the polymer and reinforcements often result in a steep increase in viscosity plasticizing reinforcer modification allows for a significant increase in strength accompanied by a substantial viscosity reduction which is in stark contrast to the effects of traditional additives Fig 3i Performance comparison of PVC and PLA before and after modification To demonstrate the versatility of plasticizing reinforcer we modified commercially available PVC and PLA PVC is one of the Separação completa de corantes de materiais poliméricos para reciclagem econômica de resíduos têxteis Problema crescente dos resíduos têxteis A produção global de resíduos têxteis vem aumentando significativamente e a gestão inadequada desses resíduos resulta em sérios impactos ambientais Introdução Baixo percentual de reciclagem de tecidos apenas 1 Atualmente apenas cerca de 1 dos tecidos descartados são reciclados o que destaca a urgente necessidade de desenvolvimento de métodos de reciclagem mais eficazes Introdução Presença de corantes como barreira para reciclagem eficaz Os corantes utilizados nos tecidos representam um grande desafio para a reciclagem pois sua remoção completa é necessária para permitir a reutilização das fibras poliméricas Desafios Dificuldades técnicas na remoção de corantes de fibras poliméricas A maioria dos métodos existentes não conseguem separar eficientemente os corantes das fibras sem causar danos às mesmas limitando assim o potencial de reciclagem Desafios Desenvolver um método eficiente para a separação completa de corantes Desenvolver uma técnica inovadora que permita a separação completa dos corantes presentes em tecidos de poliéster nylon e algodão sem comprometer a integridade das fibras poliméricas Objetivo Fibras de poliéster nylon e algodão Estes três tipos de fibras foram escolhidos devido à sua ampla utilização na indústria têxtil e aos desafios específicos que cada um apresenta na remoção de corantes Objetivo 1 Procedimentos de Separação Utilização de solventes específicos e controle rigoroso da temperatura para remover os corantes sem comprometer a integridade das fibras Solventes dimetilformamida DMF e dimetilsulfóxido DMSO Metodologia 2 Controle de Temperatura A temperatura do processo foi controlada rigorosamente para evitar a degradação térmica das fibras Os processos foram conduzidos em temperaturas que variam de 60C a 80C para garantir a integridade das fibras poliméricas Metodologia Materiais Utilizados Fibras de poliéster nylon e algodão foram utilizadas como amostras para o estudo Corantes comerciais comumente utilizados na indústria têxtil foram selecionados para os ensaios Métodos de análise e ensaios realizados Espectroscopia UV Microscopia eletrônica de varredura MEV Termogravimetria e calorimetria exploratória diferencial e Ensaios de Remoção de Corantes Metodologia Metodologia Ensaio de Interações Físicas e Potenciais Químicos a Efeito da Densidade da Fibra nas Interações Físicas Totais e de Van der Waals entre as Cadeias mais Densas de PET e o Disperse Blue 56 À medida que a densidade da fibra de PET aumenta as interações físicas e de Van der Waals entre as cadeias de PET e o corante Disperse Blue 56 também aumentam O gráfico mostra que as interações mais fortes ocorrem nas densidades mais altas de PET indicando uma maior afinidade do corante com as cadeias densas de PET A densidade da fibra de PET influencia diretamente a força das interações entre o corante e as cadeias de PET com densidades mais altas resultando em interações mais fortes Conclusão Metodologia Ensaio de Interações Físicas e Potenciais Químicos b Potencial mais Baixo do Disperse Blue 56 nas Cadeias Poliméricas de PET À medida que a densidade da fibra de PET aumenta o potencial químico do Disperse Blue 56 nas cadeias de PET diminui O gráfico ilustra que o potencial mais baixo é alcançado nas densidades mais altas de PET indicando uma maior estabilidade do corante nas fibras densas de PET A densidade da fibra de PET tem um efeito significativo no potencial químico do corante com densidades mais altas resultando em maior estabilidade do corante Conclusão Metodologia Ensaio de Interações Físicas e Potenciais Químicos c Efeito dos Parâmetros de Solubilidade dos Solventes no Potencial Químico dos Corantes nas Fibras e Soluções O Gráfico mostra o efeito dos parâmetros de solubilidade dos solventes no potencial químico dos corantes nas fibras e nas soluções e como diferentes solventes influenciam o potencial químico dos corantes nas fibras e nas soluções Os resultados foram simulados via Materials Studio 2018 a 393 K Os parâmetros de solubilidade dos solventes afetam significativamente o potencial químico dos corantes com solventes específicos mostrando maior eficácia na interação com o corante e as fibras de PET Conclusão Antes do Tratamento As fibras apresentam resíduos de corantes aderidos à superfície observados como partículas escuras e irregulares Metodologia As imagens de MEV mostram a estrutura superficial das fibras antes e depois do tratamento Depois do Tratamento As fibras exibem uma superfície limpa e uniforme sem partículas escuras visíveis indicando a remoção eficaz dos corantes Metodologia Porcentagem de remoção de corantes em temperaturas variando de 80C a 100C 80C 90 de remoção 90C 92 de remoção 100C 95 de remoção A eficiência de remoção aumenta com a temperatura atingindo um pico a 100C mas a temperatura de 80C foi escolhida como ótima devido à preservação da integridade das fibras Metodologia Ensaio de Remoção de Corantes em Ciclos a Relação entre Ciclos de Remoção e Percentuais de Remoção do Disperse Blue 56 do PET Primeiro Ciclo Aproximadamente 60 de remoção do corante Segundo Ciclo Atingiu cerca de 85 de remoção do corante Terceiro Ciclo Aproximadamente 95 de remoção do corante O aumento no número de ciclos de remoção resulta em uma maior porcentagem de remoção do corante A eficiência de remoção melhora significativamente após cada ciclo de tratamento atingindo quase a remoção completa após três ciclos Conclusão Metodologia Ensaio de Remoção de Corantes em Ciclos b Imagens do Tecido de PET com Diferentes Tratamentos de Remoção de Corantes Sem Tratamento Tecido com coloração azul intensa do corante Disperse Blue 56 Após Primeiro Ciclo Tecido com coloração azul mais clara indicando remoção parcial do corante Após Segundo Ciclo Tecido com coloração ainda mais clara mostrando maior remoção do corante Após Terceiro Ciclo Tecido com coloração muito clara quase sem cor indicando remoção quase completa do corante O aumento no número de ciclos de remoção resulta em uma maior porcentagem de remoção do corante A eficiência de remoção melhora significativamente após cada ciclo de tratamento atingindo quase a remoção completa após três ciclos Conclusão Metodologia Ensaio de Remoção de Corantes Ácidos em Ciclos a Relação entre Ciclos de Remoção e a Taxa de Remoção de Corante Ácido do Nylon 66 Primeiro Ciclo Aproximadamente 55 de remoção do corante Segundo Ciclo Atingiu cerca de 75 de remoção do corante Terceiro Ciclo Aproximadamente 90 de remoção do corante O aumento no número de ciclos de remoção resulta em uma maior porcentagem de remoção do corante A eficiência de remoção melhora significativamente após cada ciclo de tratamento atingindo quase a remoção completa após três ciclos Dados com o mesmo número indicam que não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os ciclos correspondentes Conclusão Metodologia Ensaio de Remoção de Corantes Ácidos em Ciclos b Imagens do Nylon 66 com Diferentes Ciclos de Tratamentos de Remoção de Corantes Sem Tratamento Tecido com coloração intensa do corante ácido Após Primeiro Ciclo Tecido com coloração menos intensa indicando remoção parcial do corante Após Segundo Ciclo Tecido com coloração ainda mais clara mostrando maior remoção do corante Após Terceiro Ciclo Tecido com coloração muito clara quase sem cor indicando remoção quase completa do corante As fotos confirmam visualmente os resultados quantitativos do gráfico a mostrando que a cor do tecido se torna progressivamente mais clara com cada ciclo de remoção corroborando a eficácia do método Conclusão ARTICLE IN PRESS RESEARCH LIGHT BLUE Materials Today Volume xxx Number xx xxxx 2025 a b c d e f g h i PVC MPVC 35 64 a b c PVC MPVC PVC MPVC 8540 6200 4000 2744 1260 695 PVC MPVC d e f The mechanical and processing properties of PLA before and after modification PLA MPLA 212 254 g h i Comparação das Estruturas dos Corantes Originais e Extraídos Análise por Espectrofotômetro Os picos de absorção dos corantes extraídos são semelhantes aos dos corantes originais indicando que a estrutura dos corantes foi preservada após a extração A análise espectrofotométrica confirma que os corantes foram eficientemente extraídos das fibras sem degradação significativa Os gráficos a b e c mostram os espectros de absorção na faixa de 200 a 800 nm Comparação das Estruturas dos Corantes Originais e Extraídos Análise por 1H RMN Os espectros dos corantes extraídos correspondem aos dos corantes originais confirmando que não houve alterações estruturais significativas durante o processo de extração A análise por 1H RMN reforça a eficácia do método de extração demonstrando que os corantes mantiveram sua integridade estrutural Os gráficos d e e f mostram os espectros de 1H RMN dos corantes destacando os sinais característicos das estruturas moleculares Medições Colorimétricas CIELAB para Tecidos Tingidos com Corantes Previamente Separados A tabela inclui os valores das coordenadas de cor CIELAB L a b para tecidos tingidos com corantes separados das fibras de poliéster nylon e algodão As medições fornecem uma representação tridimensional da cor L Luminosidade Mede a luminosidade variando de 0 preto a 100 branco a Eixo VerdeVermelho Valores positivos indicam cores vermelhas enquanto valores negativos indicam cores verdes b Eixo AzulAmarelo Valores positivos indicam cores amarelas enquanto valores negativos indicam cores azuis Medições Colorimétricas CIELAB para Tecidos Tingidos com Corantes Previamente Separados O valor de L diminuiu ligeiramente após a remoção dos corantes indicando uma leve perda de luminosidade Os valores de a também diminuíram ligeiramente indicando uma pequena redução na intensidade das cores vermelhas Os valores de b mostraram uma pequena diminuição indicando uma leve redução nas cores azuis As medições colorimétricas indicam que houve uma leve alteração nas cores dos tecidos tingidos após a remoção dos corantes No entanto essas mudanças foram mínimas sugerindo que os corantes separados mantiveram suas características colorimétricas essenciais Conclusão Peso Molecular do PET Nylon 66 e Algodão Antes e Depois da Remoção de Corantes Os gráficos que mostram o peso molecular do PET Nylon 66 e algodão antes e depois da remoção de corantes PET Peso molecular do PET tingido originalmente 052 de variação Peso molecular do PET tratado a 90C 057 de variação Peso molecular do PET tratado a 120C 055 de variação Nylon 66 Peso molecular do Nylon 66 tingido originalmente 052 de variação Peso molecular do Nylon 66 tratado a 80C 046 de variação Peso molecular do Nylon 66 tratado a 90C 050 de variação Peso molecular do Nylon 66 tratado a 100C 042 de variação Peso Molecular do PET Nylon 66 e Algodão Antes e Depois da Remoção de Corantes Os gráficos que mostram o peso molecular do PET Nylon 66 e algodão antes e depois da remoção de corantes Algodão Peso molecular do algodão tingido originalmente 164 de variação Peso molecular do algodão tratado a 110C 172 de variação Conclusão A variação no peso molecular entre as amostras tingidas originalmente e tratadas não apresentou diferenças estatisticamente significativas indicando que o processo de remoção de corantes não alterou significativamente o peso molecular das fibras Peso Molecular do PET Nylon 66 e Algodão Antes e Depois da Remoção de Corantes Difração de RaiosX do PET Nylon 66 e Algodão Antes e Depois da Remoção de Corantes PET Grau de cristalinidade antes da remoção de corantes 5913 417 Grau de cristalinidade depois da remoção de corantes 5727 479 Nylon 66 Grau de cristalinidade antes da remoção de corantes 7114 384 Grau de cristalinidade depois da remoção de corantes 6835 396 Peso Molecular do PET Nylon 66 e Algodão Antes e Depois da Remoção de Corantes Difração de RaiosX do PET Nylon 66 e Algodão Antes e Depois da Remoção de Corantes Algodão Grau de cristalinidade antes da remoção de corantes 6549 465 Grau de cristalinidade depois da remoção de corantes 6217 523 Conclusão A difração de raiosX mostra que houve uma ligeira diminuição no grau de cristalinidade após a remoção de corantes mas essas mudanças não foram estatisticamente significativas Isso sugere que o processo de remoção de corantes não afetou drasticamente a estrutura cristalina das fibras Conclusã o 1 Eficiência da metodologia A metodologia proposta demonstrou ser eficaz na separação completa de corantes de fibras de poliéster nylon e algodão O uso de solventes específicos DMF e DMSO e controle de temperatura mostrou alta eficiência de remoção de corantes 2 Preservação da Integridade das Fibras As análises por MEV e 1H RMN confirmaram que a integridade estrutural das fibras foi preservada após a remoção dos corantes As propriedades térmicas das fibras tratadas permaneceram dentro de uma margem aceitável indicando a manutenção da qualidade das fibras 3 Potencial para reciclagem e Impacto Ambiental e Econômico A metodologia proposta pode aumentar significativamente a taxa de reciclagem de resíduos têxteis coloridos contribuindo para a sustentabilidade ambiental A possibilidade de reutilização das fibras após múltiplos ciclos de tingimento e remoção de corantes destaca a viabilidade econômica do processo A reciclagem eficiente de tecidos coloridos pode reduzir o impacto ambiental associado ao descarte inadequado de resíduos têxteis A metodologia proposta também pode reduzir os custos de processamento tornando a reciclagem de tecidos mais viável economicamente Obrigado Voltar ao slide de tópicos