Guia Completo de Referenciação Harvard - Formatos e Exemplos Atualizados

1 Last reviewed July 2023 Review date Summer 2024 Harvard referencing This information has been adapted from the Harvard referencing guide Referencing guides are updated regularly in line with guidance from the institution on which the style is based In order to make sure you are using the most up to date version of this guide check the University Librarys referencing page for the latest version Contents Contents 1 Introduction 4 Creating a citation and reference list 4 Ancient or Historical Text 10 App 11 Art eg in an art gallery museum or online 12 Blog 13 Book with a single author 14 Book with two or more authors 14 Book Chapter in an edited book 15 Book Edited 16 Book Electronic 17 Case Law 18 Clinical Guidelines 20 Code 21 Conference Papers 21 Conference Poster 22 Conference Proceedings 24 Confidential Information 24 Dataset 25 Dictionary 26 Dissertation Undergraduate or Masters 27 Exhibition 28 Forum PostMessage Board 29 Government Publication Act of Parliament 30 2 Last reviewed July 2023 Review date Summer 2024 Government Publication Command Paper 31 Government Publication Government Statistics or Dataset 32 Government Publication Hansard 33 Government Publication House of Lords and House of Commons Papers 34 Government Publication Parliamentary Bills Amendments and Explanatory Notes 36 Government Publications Statutory Instruments 37 Government Publication Other Official Publications 38 Images and Figures 39 Information Sheet 41 Journal Article Print 42 Journal Article with a DOI Electronic 43 Journal Article without a DOI Electronic 44 Journal Article Preprint Ahead of Publication 44 Journal Article with many authors 45 Lecture notes lecture recordings handouts and other unpublished teaching materials 46 Magazine 46 Manuscript 46 Maps 47 Music Album Physical Format 48 Music Album Track Physical Format 48 Music Digital formats 49 Music Score 50 Newspaper Article 51 Patent 52 Personal Communications 53 Plays 53 Podcast 55 Presentation 56 Radio 57 Reports 58 Sacred Texts 59 Sculpture 61 Social Media 62 3 Last reviewed July 2023 Review date Summer 2024 Standards eg British Standards 63 Thesis PhD Print 64 Thesis PhD Electronic 64 Translated Item 65 Unpublished item 66 Video Physical Format 67 Video Streaming Service 68 Video Sharing Website eg YouTube 69 Web page 70 Website 72 Summary 73 Full URLs 73 4 Last reviewed July 2023 Review date Summer 2024 Introduction This guide details the Harvard style of referencing based upon the advice given in the book Cite Them Right 10th rev and expanded edn This is the style of Harvard that The University of Sheffield supports Referencing in the Harvard style is a twopart process Citation in the text this is the brief indication of the source within the text of your work immediately following the use of the source whether quoted or summarised Reference list a complete list of all the cited references used in your work with full bibliographic details to allow the reader to follow up these references and find the original text Creating a citation and reference list Creating a citation Harvard style referencing is an authordate method Sources are cited within the body of your assignment by giving the name of the authors followed by the date of publication All other details about the publication are given in the list of references or bibliography at the end Citations which are used with direct quotations or are referring to a particular part of a source should include the page number in your citation eg Smith 2017 p 42 or Smith 2017 p 42 Tips on citing where page numbers are not present If a citation does not have page numbers then you should use the number of the paragraph if available eg Climate change can refer to local regional and global changes in weather Met Office 2013 para 2 If the paragraph number is not available then you may direct the reader to a specific section of the item and then the number of the paragraph eg Using the factor command canGaubatz 2015 Generating Factors para 2 If the name of the section is long you may use the first few words of the section in quotation marks eg The value of numbers needs to be randomGaubatz 2015 Random Numbers and Generating section para2 Tips for citing If the authors name appears in the text as part of the body of the assignment then the year will follow in round brackets eg According to Smith 2017 If the authors name does not appear in the body of the text then the name and date should follow in round brackets eg The terminology has been called into question when it was discoveredSmith 2017 5 Last reviewed July 2023 Review date Summer 2024 The abbreviations ibid and idem should not be used within the Harvard referencing system If more than one of your citations has the same author and year of publication then you should distinguish between them by using a lowercase letter following the year eg It was discovered thatSmith 2017a this was supported by Smith 2017b Some authors have the same surname and works published in the same year if this is the case use their initial to distinguish between them eg When looking at the average income it was found thatWilliams A 2009 However it was also discovered thatWilliams J 2009 In some instances you may need to cite more than one piece of work for an idea If this occurs you should separate the references with a semicolon and cite them in chronological order eg This point has been shown by numerous authorsJones 2014 Smith 2017 When citing intext include the name of up to three authors If there are four or more authors for the work you are citing then use the name of the first author followed by et al eg This was shown to be the case when Taylor et al 2015Or the study showsTaylor et al 2015 For items where the author is a corporation cite the name of the corporation in full eg Birdwatching in the woodsWoodland Trust 2016 unless their abbreviation is wellknown eg The governance of the networkBBC 2017 If a work is designated as Anonymous or there is no author use the title in italics in place of the Author eg OED online 2008 If no date can be found then you would state that there is no date eg The ancient text indicated the use of Wells no date Quoting Quoting Quoting is including a section of a source in your own work using exactly the same words as those used by the original author Paraphrasing can be used to avoid inserting too many direct quotations into your work as this can distract from the coherence of the argument you are presenting The use of quotations varies considerably from discipline to discipline If in doubt check with your tutor or in your course handbook for further guidance If you are directly quoting from a source then you should include the page number in your citation A short quotation under two lines should be within the body of the text and in quotation marks eg 6 Last reviewed July 2023 Review date Summer 2024 There is still a labelling issue when it comes to flavourings in food it is noted that flavours such as vanillin which occur naturally in food are called natureidentical The label does not have to state where it comes from Wilson 2009 p 257 If the quote is more than two lines then it should be presented as a new paragraph which is preceded by a colon and indented from the rest of the text You do not need to use quotation marks eg Wilson 2009 p 257 has looked at food flavourings in the UK and makes the following observation about Vanilla In Britain flavours such as vanillin which occur naturally in food are called natureidentical The label does not have to state where it comes from A flavouring only counts as fully artificial if it does not occur in nature at all as is the case with another stronger vanilla substitute called ethylvanillin often used in chocolate Omitting material from quotations If you are omitting materials from an original source use three dots to indicate this eg Canter and Canter 1992 state that students come to the classroom with their own needs their own past experiences and their preconceptions of who you are what your limits will be p 49 It is important to manage the expectations of students effectively This does not need to be done at the beginning or end of a sentence Reference List Wilson B 2009 Swindled From poison sweets to counterfeit coffee the dark history of the food cheats London John Murray Publishers Paraphrasing Paraphrasing Paraphrasing is putting someone elses ideas into your own words It does not mean changing the odd word or rearranging the sentence When you paraphrase you should restate the meaning of the original text in your own words Be sure to cite and reference when you are paraphrasing someone elses work eg Booth et al 2016 pp 208209 give the example of acceptable paraphrasing using Gladwell 2008 as their example This this the original quote from Gladwell 2008 p 38 Achievement is talent plus preparation The problem with this view is that the closer psychologists look at the careers of the gifted the smaller the role innate talent seems to play and the bigger the role preparation seems to play Below is an unacceptable paraphrase of the above quote because it follows the original too closely 7 Last reviewed July 2023 Review date Summer 2024 Success seems to depend on a combination of talent and preparation However when psychologists closely example the gifted and their careers they discover that innate talent plays a much smaller role than preparation Gladwell 2008 p 38 The next is an example of an acceptable paraphrase as the meaning of the original has been restated in the authors own words As Gladwell 2008 p 38 observes summarising studies on the highly successful we tend to overestimate the role of talent and underestimate that of preparation Reference List Booth W C et al 2016 The craft of research 4th edn Chicago University of Chicago Press Gladwell M 2008 Outliers The story of success New York Back Bay Books Summarising Summarising means briefly stating the main ideas or arguments of a complete information source or a substantial portion of an information source Be sure to cite and reference when you are summarising someone elses work A citation for a summary should include the author and date eg Smith 2017 or Smith 2017 but there is no need to include a specific page number Secondary Referencing This is when you reference one author who is referring to the work of another and the primary source is not available refer to the primary source where it is available Secondary referencing should be avoided where possible if you have only read the later publication you are accepting someone elses opinion and interpretation of the authors original intention You must make it clear to your reader which author you have read whilst giving details of the original source by using cited in eg Ecott 2002 cited in Wilson 2009 or Cannon 1989 quoted in Wilson 2009 p 269 In the reference list you should give details of the item you looked at Looking at the above examples you would reference Wilson 2009 in your bibliographyreference list Creating a reference list A reference list is the list of items you have used in your work Reference lists in Harvard are alphabetical General tips for creating a list are If you have distinguished between authors in your citation you should use the same letter in your reference list to distinguish them eg Smith 2017b will be Smith S 2017b 8 Last reviewed July 2023 Review date Summer 2024 A reference with one author will appear before a reference with two or more authors if the first author has the same last name eg Smith S 2017b would appear before Smith S and Jones A 2017 Multiple references by the same author or creator are listed in chronological order Corporations are listed using the first proper noun of the name eg Royal Academy of Arts The If there are two or three authors use and between the names rather than For references with four or more authors include only the first author followed by et al written in italics See Journal Article with many authors for an example AuthorEditor names should be given in the following format Surname Initials eg Smith FG The edition of a book is not included for the first edition only for later editions eg 2nd edn 3rd edn etc Edition is abbreviated to edn to distinguish it from the abbreviation for Editor ed Certain types of material such as encyclopedias or dictionaries may not have one person or persons as the main author or editor These can be referenced by the title in italics first eg OED online 2017 Oxford Oxford University Press Viewed 26 January 2017 Available from httpwwwoedcom References for works designated as Anonymous or works without an author or editor should begin with the title in italics instead followed by the date eg A woman in Berlin 2011 Translated by Philip Boehm London Virago If no date can be found then you would use no date Include the state abbreviation for items published in the United States if it is not obvious where the location is eg you wouldnt need to include NY after New York but you would include the state abbreviation in Cambridge MA Harvard University Press as there is also a Cambridge in the UK If the item is widely known by or was originally issued under a title different from that of the preferred source the alternative may also be given in brackets if necessary eg Browne J 2010 Securing a sustainable future for higher education an independent review of higher education funding and student finance The Browne Report If a publisher is not listed or cannot be found use one of the following listed in order or preference o Publisher or production company 9 Last reviewed July 2023 Review date Summer 2024 o Distributor or issuing body o Printer or manufacturer o Sponsoring body If there is more than one place of publication only include the most local one in the reference Each reference should end in a full stop unless it is a URL or DOI a full stop after a URL or DOI may be presumed to be part of the link and prevent it from working A DOI should be written with the prefix httpsdoiorg followed by the DOI number adding the prefix makes it into a URL which will link directly to the item whereas the DOI number on its own will only open a browser search of the DOI and doesnt link directly to the item eg httpsdoiorg 101111j15405931200600203x For a source with a DOI you dont need to include Available at or Accessed date in the reference as a DOI is a stable identifier and will not change whereas a URL may change or be deleted so the extra information is needed to clarify where and when you found the source Always write DOI in lower case in your references eg doi Citing and referencing foreign language materials Citing material from nonroman script eg Cyrillic East Asian languages If you are citing materials from nonroman script you should transliterate the references to roman script If you are unsure you may want to consult with an expert of the language or an international standard to check For intext citations Spell out the authors family name or corporate name in roman script If you are unsure of the correct spelling you may want to consult with an expert of the language to check For references in the reference listbibliography The family name of the author should be written in full roman script The initials of the authors should also be given in roman script The name should be given in the order in the reference The title of the item articlebookbook chapter etc should be given in roman script using the standard conventions for that language The title should be translated into English and placed in square brackets immediately after the romanised title The words in the square brackets should not use italics The journal title or title of a book if it is an edited book and publishers name all need to be given in roman script but do not need to be translated If there is an 10 Last reviewed July 2023 Review date Summer 2024 official English translation then you may use it especially in cases where it provides greater understanding of the subject or publication Example Terao M 1998 Denai kugi wa suterareru The nail that does not stick up may be thrown away Tokyo Fusosha Notes See more from East Asian Studies on the Romanisation of East Asian Languages Materials in roman script If you are citing materials produced in a language other than English but in roman script you may need to place a translated title in square brackets after the original title depending on who the intended audience for your work will be Back to Contents Ancient or Historical Text In the text For an intext citation in your work you would cite the reference as follows Southey 1876 provided a culturally The Commonplace book Southey 1876 Hobbs 1678 demonstrates an example of The demonstration of a social structure can be identifiedHobbs 1678 In the bibliographyreference list Physical item Author Surname INITIALS Year of publication Title Translated by INITIALS Surname if relevant Edition if not the first Place of publication Publisher or Printing statement Series and Volume number if relevant Southey R 1876 Commonplace book London Reeves and Turner Some early printed books were privately printed and do not have a publisher in which case give the printing statement from the book in your reference For example Hobbes T 1651 Leviathan London Printed for Andrew Crooke OnlineElectronic If the online version you are referencing is a scanned version of the printed book with the same page numbers and publication information reference it in the same way you would reference a printed book 11 Last reviewed July 2023 Review date Summer 2024 However if you have downloaded the book onto an edevice and the page numbers are not available in the device you are using use the information that is available such as loc chapter or paragraph if you need to identify a particular pagesection for your intext citation See Book Electronic for further information Notes If there is no author or the author is designated as Anonymous use the title in italics in place of the author in the reference and the intext citation For more information about intext citation and referencing multiple authors see Creating a citation and reference list For texts translated from the original see Translated item Back to Contents App In the text For an intext citation in your work you would cite the reference as follows campusM 2021 created The app iSheffield allows the usercampus 2021 In the bibliographyreference list DeveloperProducer Year of releaseupdate Title of app Version Mobile app Available at app store name Downloaded date campusM 2021 iSheffield Version 542 Mobile app Available at Google Play Downloaded 25 March 2021 Notes If the name of the DeveloperProducer is not available use the title of the app in italics in place of it in the reference and the intext citation The Downloaded date in the reference is the date that you downloaded the app onto your device For more information about intext citation and referencing multiple authors see Creating a citation and reference list Back to Contents 12 Last reviewed July 2023 Review date Summer 2024 Art eg in an art gallery museum or online PaintingsDrawings viewed in a gallery or museum In the text For an intext citation in your work you would cite the reference as follows The Mona Lisa by DaVinci 150318 focuses closely on the subject The famous smile on the Mona Lisa DaVinci 150318 has become Blakes The Laborious Passage Along the Rocks 182427 portrays The illustration shows Virgil helping DanteBlake 182427 In the bibliographyreference list Surname of artist INITIALS Year Title Medium Holding institution City Blake W 182427 The Laborious Passage Along the Rocks Graphite ink and watercolour on paper Tate Gallery London DaVinci L 150318 Mona Lisa Oil on wood Musée du Louvre Paris PaintingsDrawings viewed online See Images and Figures Installationexhibit viewed in a gallery or museum In the text For an intext citation in your work you would cite the reference as follows Longs Delabole Spiral 1981 is made from slabs of slate The spiral of jaggededged slate Long 1981 represents The Brandy saucepan made by Nathaniel Smith Company 1789 was used to heat The saucepan Nathaniel Smith Company 1789 was hallmarked in Sheffield In the bibliographyreference list Surname of artist INITIALS Year Title Installation or Exhibit Holding institution City Viewed date Long R 1981 Delabole Spiral Installation Graves Gallery Sheffield Viewed 19 January 2019 Nathaniel Smith Company 1789 Brandy saucepan Exhibit Millennium Gallery Sheffield Viewed 19 January 2019 13 Last reviewed July 2023 Review date Summer 2024 Installationexhibit viewed online See Images and Figures Notes If there is no clear title to the item a popular title may be used if one exists If a popular title to the image does not exist then you will need to supply the item with a title in square brackets providing the following where possible o The subject matter o The name or place of the object depicted ie the person the building the location etc If no exact date can be found then you would use no date The original title of a translated information resource or a translation of the title may be supplied immediately after the original title eg Kinderhände im washbecken Childrens Hands in Washbasin If the artwork has a popular or traditional title then you may use this eg Mona Lisa For more information about intext citation and referencing multiple authors see Creating a citation and reference list Back to Contents Blog In the text For an intext citation in your work you would cite the reference as follows Chaurey 2020 considers ethical review processes The limitations of the frameworkChaurey 2020 In the bibliographyreference list Author Surname INITIALS Year Title of blog post Title of blog DayMonth of post Available at URL Accessed date Chaurey K 2020 Decolonising ethics frameworks for research in Africa Africa at LSE 8th January Available at httpsblogslseacukafricaatlse20200108decolonisingethicsframeworks researchafrica Accessed 29 March 2021 Notes If the author of the blog has used an alias instead of their real full name you may use this in the intext citation and reference 14 Last reviewed July 2023 Review date Summer 2024 For more information about intext citation and referencing multiple authors see Creating a citation and reference list Back to Contents Book with a single author In the text For an intext citation in your work you would cite the reference as follows Bryman 2016 recommends Quantitative data is more suited to the study due to Bryman 2016 In the bibliographyreference list Author Surname INITIALS Year Title Edition if not first edition Place of publication Publisher Bryman A 2016 Social research methods 5th edn Oxford Oxford University Press Notes For more information about intext citation and referencing multiple authors see Creating a citation and reference list Back to Contents Book with two or more authors Book with two authors In the text For an intext citation in your work you would cite the reference as follows Wallace and Wolf 2006 found that Globalization is a theory that has many concepts Wallace and Wolf 2006 In the bibliographyreference list Author Surname INITIALS and Author Surname INITIALS Year Title Edition if not first edition Place of publication Publisher Wallace R A and Wolf A 2006 Contemporary sociological theory expanding the classical tradition 6th edn Upper Saddle River NJ Prentice Hall Book with three authors In the text For an intext citation in your work you would cite the reference as follows 15 Last reviewed July 2023 Review date Summer 2024 Greig Taylor and MacKay 2013 found that Finding the reasons behind a childs behaviour Greig Taylor and MacKay 2013 In the bibliographyreference list Author Surname INITIALS Author Surname INITIALS and Author Surname INITIALS Year Title Edition if not first edition Place of publication Publisher Greig A Taylor J and MacKay T 2013 Doing research with children a practical guide 3rd edn London Sage Book with four or more authors In the text For an intext citation in your work you would cite the reference as follows Begg et al 2014 found that The elasticity of demand demonstrates Begg et al 2014 In the bibliographyreference list First Author Surname INITIALS et al Year Title Edition if not first edition Place of publication Publisher Begg DKH et al 2014 Economics 11th edn London McGrawHill Notes If there are two or three authors use and in between the names rather than For references with four or more authors include only the first author followed by et al written in italics For more information about intext citation and referencing multiple authors see Creating a citation and reference list Back to Contents Book Chapter in an edited book In the text For an intext citation in your work you would cite the reference as follows He 1997 found that The ethnic relations in China He 1997 Zheng 1997 looked at the cultural influences The culture of western business during the periodZheng 1997 16 Last reviewed July 2023 Review date Summer 2024 In the bibliographyreference list Chapter Author Surname Initials Year Title of chapter in Editors Surname Editors INITIALS ed or eds Title of book Edition if not first Place of publication Publisher Page numbers He X 1997 The market economy and ethnic relations in China in Ikeo A ed Economic development in twentieth century East Asia the international context London Routledge pp 190205 Zheng X 1997 Chinese business culture from the 1920s to the 1950s in Ikeo A ed Economic development in twentieth century East Asia the international context London Routledge pp 3554 Notes For more information about intext citation and referencing multiple authors see Creating a citation and reference list Back to Contents Book Edited In the bibliographyreference list for one editor Editor Surname INITIALS ed Year Title Edition if not the first Place of publication Publisher Ikeo A ed 1997 Economic development in twentieth century East Asia the international context London Routledge In the bibliographyreference list for two editors Editor Surname INITIALS and Editor Surname INITIALS eds Year Title Edition if not the first Place of publication Publisher Parker R and Aggleton P eds 2007 Culture society and sexuality a reader 2nd edn London Routledge In the bibliographyreference list for three editors Editor Surname INITIALS Editor Surname INITIALS and Editor Surname INITIALS eds Year Title Edition if not the first Place of Publication Publisher Alcock P May M and Wright S eds 2012 The students companion to social policy 4th edn Oxford WileyBlackwell In the bibliographyreference list for four or more editors First Editor Surname INITIALS et al eds Year Title Edition if not the first Place of Publication Publisher 17 Last reviewed July 2023 Review date Summer 2024 Ritchie J et al eds 2014 Qualitative research practice a guide for social science students and researchers 2nd edn Los Angeles Sage Notes If there are two or three editors use and in between the names rather than For references with four or more editors include only the first author followed by et al written in italics For more information about intext citation and referencing multiple authors see Creating a citation and reference list Back to Contents Book Electronic Many ebooks look the same as a printed book in terms of pagination publisher details etc so the intext citation and reference will be in the same format as a printed book you do not need to include details of where you accessed it from online in the reference Follow the guidance in the sections for print books Book with a single author Book with two or more authors Book Chapter in an edited book Book Edited For an ereader eg Kindle If you have downloaded the book onto an edevice and the page numbers of the ebook are not available in the device you are using use the information that is available such as loc chapter or paragraph if you need to identify a particular pagesection for your intext citation In the text For an intext citation in your work you would cite the reference as follows The main sociological theories are explained Bruce 2018 Bruce explains this particular theory as2018 52 In the bibliographyreference list Author Surname INITIALS Year Title of item Edition if not the first Available at URL Downloaded date Bruce S 2018 Sociology a very short introduction 2nd edn Available at httpswwwamazoncoukSociologyVeryShortIntroductionIntroductions ebookdpB07DP6M3XMrefsr11 Downloaded 30 April 2021 18 Last reviewed July 2023 Review date Summer 2024 Notes The Downloaded date in the reference is the date that you downloaded the book onto your device For more information about intext citation and referencing multiple authors see Creating a citation and reference list Back to Contents Case Law In the text Please note that case law is formatted in one of two ways For cases from approximately 2001 onwards where a neutral citation is available this should be included in the citation For pre2001 cases or any other case where there is no neutral citation you will only need to include a law report citation Neutral citations enable people to find cases online more easily and are independent of any printed series of law reports Each neutral citation is made up of The year that the case was heard An abbreviation for the relevant court eg UKSC for the United Kingdom Supreme Court EWCA Crim for the Court of Appeal Criminal Division AC for the Appeals Court Case number ie the number 4 would mean the fourth case heard in that particular court that year An example of a neutral citation would be 2010 UKSC 42 In a neutral citation the abbreviated court name will start with UK or EW to indicate that the courts jurisdiction extends to the United Kingdom or England and Wales Law report citations are made up of The year the law report was made available contained within square brackets The law report volume number Abbreviation of the law report title Page or case number from the law report An example of a law report citation would be 2011 1 AC 534 19 Last reviewed July 2023 Review date Summer 2024 When citing a judgement from a law report cite the best report as indicated in hierarchy of law reports If there is no neutral citation for cases before 2001 also indicate the court in brackets at the end of the law report citation eg SC for the Supreme Court For example 2011 1 AC 534 SC In the text citation for cases with and without neutral citation You should use the party names in italics and the year the case was heard in court For an intext citation in your work you would cite the reference as follows In the case of Radmacher v Granatino 2010 the Supreme Court ruled that when a court grants a decree of divorce nullity of marriage or judicial separation it has the power to order ancillary relief Radmacher v Granatino 2010 In the reference list Cases with a neutral court citation from approximately 2001 onwards Standard citation where there is no link to a publicly accessible website or where you have referred to a paperhard copy of the case law Case name neutral court citation law report citation Radmacher v Granatino 2010 UKSC 42 2011 1 AC 534 Standard citation from a publicly accessible website Case name neutral court citation Database or website name Online Available at URL Accessed date Radmacher v Granatino 2010 UKSC 42 BAILII Online Available at httpwwwbailiiorgukcasesUKSC201042html Accessed 16 August 2018 Cases before 2001 For cases without a neutral citation Standard citation where there is no link to a publicly accessible website or where you have referred to a paperhard copy of the case law Case name law report citation court abbreviation James v Eastleigh BC 1990 2 AC 751 HL Standard citation from a publicly accessible website Case name law report citation court abbreviation Database or website name Online Available at URL Accessed date 20 Last reviewed July 2023 Review date Summer 2024 James v Eastleigh BC 1990 2 AC 751 HL BAILII Online Available at httpwwwbailiiorgukcasesUKHL19906html Accessed 12 June 2023 Important note about referencing online case reports Only use URLs from publicly available websites such as the British and Irish Legal Information Institute BAILII not from databases such as Nexis or Westlaw as these are not publicly available If you are citing from Westlaw or another database which is not freely available and accessible cite as a Standard citation where there is no link to a publicly available website and do not include a web link For example Radmacher v Granatino 2010 UKSC 42 2011 1 AC 534 For more information about intext citation and referencing multiple authors see Creating a citation and reference list Back to Contents Clinical Guidelines In the text For an intext citation in your work you would cite the reference as follows The National Institute for Clinical Excellence NICE 2015 guideline the guideline stipulatesNational Institute for Clinical Excellence NICE 2015 The British Society of Gastroenterology BSG 2017 guideline initial investigations should includeBritish Society of Gastroenterology BSG 2017 In the bibliographyreference list Physical item Corporate Author Year of publication Title of Guideline Reference Number if given Place of publication Publisher NICE 2004 The epilepsies the diagnosis and management of the epilepsies in adults and children in primary and secondary care CG20 London National Institute for Clinical Excellence Onlineelectronic Corporate Author Year of publication Title of Guideline Reference Number if given Available at URL Accessed date or doi BSG 2017 Guidelines on the management of abnormal liver blood tests Available at httpswwwbsgorgukclinicalresourceguidelinesonthemanagementof abnormalliverbloodtests Accessed 30 March 2021 21 Last reviewed July 2023 Review date Summer 2024 NICE 2015 Obesity in children and young people prevention and lifestyle weight management programmes QS94 Available at httpswwwniceorgukguidanceqs94 Accessed 4 August 2017 Notes If the Corporate Author is well known by an abbreviation for the first time you cite the resource write out the name in full followed by the abbreviation in round brackets then use just the abbreviation for second and further citations eg for the first citation use National Institute for Health and Care Excellence NICE 2016 or National Institute for Health and Care Excellence NICE 2016 The second and further citations would then read NICE 2016 or NICE 2016 You can then use the abbreviation in your reference list rather than writing out the name in full A DOI should be written with the prefix httpsdoiorg followed by the DOI number eg httpsdoiorg101111j15405931200600203x For more information about intext citation and referencing multiple authors see Creating a citation and reference list Back to Contents Code Its important to acknowledge the source of code just like you would acknowledge the source of any work that is not your own Referencing correctly will help to distinguish your work from others give credit to the original author and allow anyone to identify the source See Referencing Code for guidance You will need to adapt the guidance to your referencing style Back to Contents Conference Papers In the text For an intext citation in your work you would cite the reference as follows Galar et al 2014 identified that the risks of SMART risk assessmentsGalar et al 2014 Redknap 2004 questioned whether settlements in North Wales The geographical location of Anglesey meant thatRedknap 2004 Fujikami et al 2015 identified that in order to improve Fast Device Discovery Fast Device Discovery can be aided byFujikami et al 2015 22 Last reviewed July 2023 Review date Summer 2024 In the bibliographyreference list Physical item Authors of paper Surname INITIALS Year Paper title Conference title Place of conference Date of conference Place of publication Publisher Page numbers Galar D et al 2014 SMART integrating human safety risk assessment with Asset Integrity Advances in condition monitoring of machinery in nonstationary operations proceedings of the third international conference on condition monitoring of machinery in nonstationary operations CMMNO 2013 Ferrara Italy 810 May Berlin Springer pp 3759 Redknap M 2004 Vikingage settlements in Wales and the evidence from Llanbedrgoch Land sea and home proceedings of a conference on Vikingperiod settlement Cardiff July 2001 Leeds Manay Publishing pp 139175 OnlineElectronic Authors of paper Surname INITIALS Year Paper title Conference title Place of conference Date of conference Page numbers if available Available at URL Accessed date or doi Fujikami S et al 2015 Fast device discovery for vehicletopedestrian communication using wireless LAN 12th Annual IEEE Consumer Communications and Networking Conference CCNC 2015 Las Vegas NV 912 January pp 3540 doi httpsdoiorg101109CCNC20157157943 Notes The name of the conference in italics should be used as the author if an individual author or corporate author cannot be identified You dont need to include the Place of publication or Publisher if you are referencing an online source A DOI should be written with the prefix httpsdoiorg followed by the DOI number eg httpsdoiorg101111j15405931200600203x For more information about intext citation and referencing multiple authors see Creating a citation and reference list Back to Contents Conference Poster In the text For an intext citation in your work you would cite the reference as follows 23 Last reviewed July 2023 Review date Summer 2024 Bazela Grant and Tucker 2014 presented the poster the poster shows the use of technology enhanced learningBazela Grant and Tucker 2014 Kleinschmidt Fuhr and Wietfeld 2016 demonstrated the the conference poster showedKleinschmidt Fuhr and Wietfeld 2016 In the bibliographyreference list Physical item Authors of poster Surname INITIALS Year Title of poster Poster Conference title Place of conference Date of conference Bazela C Grant V and Tucker A 2014 History of medicine 20 using creative media to enhance information literacy teaching for 1st year medical students Poster LILAC Sheffield 2325 April If accessed online published in conference proceedings Authors of poster Surname INITIALS Year Title of poster Poster Conference title Place of conference Date of conference Page numbers if available Available at URL Accessed date or doi Kleinschmidt T Fuhr O and Wietfeld C 2016 Synchronised charging of electric vehicles with distant renewable energy resources Poster 2016 IEEE Vehicular Networking Conference VNC Columbus OH 810 December doi httpsdoiorg101109VNC20167835983 If accessed online via conference website Authors of poster Surname INITIALS Year Title of poster Poster Conference title Place of conference Date of conference Available at URL Accessed date or doi Bazela C Grant V and Tucker A 2014 History of medicine 20 using creative media to enhance information literacy teaching for 1st year medical students Poster LILAC Sheffield 2325 April Available at httpswwwslidesharenetinfolitgroupbazelagranttuckerposter Accessed 31 May 2017 Notes A DOI should be written with the prefix httpsdoiorg followed by the DOI number eg httpsdoiorg101111j15405931200600203x For more information about intext citation and referencing multiple authors see Creating a citation and reference list Back to Contents 24 Last reviewed July 2023 Review date Summer 2024 Conference Proceedings In the bibliographyreference list Physical item Editors of proceedings Surname INITIALS ed or eds Year Title of conference Place of conference Date of conference Place of publication Publisher Volume if needed Dalpiaz G et al eds 2014 Advances in condition monitoring of machinery in non stationary operations proceedings of the third international conference on condition monitoring of machinery in nonstationary operations CMMNO 2013 Ferrara Italy 810 May Berlin Springer Orman W and Valleau MJ eds 2014 Proceedings of the 38th annual Boston University Conference on language development Boston MA 13 November 2013 Somerville MA Cascadilla Press Volume 2 OnlineElectronic Editors of proceedings Surname INITIALS ed or eds Year Title of conference Place of conference Date of conference Volume if needed Available at URL Accessed date or doi Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers IEEE 2015 12th Annual IEEE Consumer Communications and Networking Conference CCNC 2015 Las Vegas NV 912 January Available at httpieeexploreieeeorgxpltocresultjspasfpun7151874 Accessed 10 December 2015 Notes The name of the conference in italics should be used as the author if an individual author or corporate author cannot be identified You dont need to include the Place of publication or Publisher if you are referencing an online source A DOI should be written with the prefix httpsdoiorg followed by the DOI number eg httpsdoiorg101111j15405931200600203x For more information about intext citation and referencing multiple authors see Creating a citation and reference list Back to Contents Confidential Information There may be cases where the source you are citing and referencing will need to be anonymised eg names in medical legal or business material In place of real names you 25 Last reviewed July 2023 Review date Summer 2024 may use terms such as Patient X or Placement School If the source is a medical image eg a patient Xray or scan use the format in the Medical images section of Images and Figures In the text For an intext citation in your work you would cite the reference as follows The treatment strategies for these patients Placement hospital 2022 In the bibliographyreference list Anonymised institutionagency Year produced Anonymised title with square brackets around the anonymised name if it appears in the title Location Anonymised producer Placement hospital 2022 Placement hospital treatment strategies for cardiology patients South Yorkshire Placement hospital Notes If the location of the town or city would be likely to identify a specific institution use the county as the location instead eg South Yorkshire Placement hospital For more information about intext citation and referencing multiple authors see Creating a citation and reference list Back to Contents Dataset In the text For an intext citation in your work you would cite the reference as follows The Office for National Statistics Social Survey Division 2016 provided the statistics for The statistics show that social divisions within the UK Office for National Statistics Social Survey Division 2016 NHS Digital 2015 provided the statistics for obesity these show The statistics show that physical activityNHS Digital 2015 Curwen 2021 conducted experiments to confirm whether synaesthesia The data showed that synaesthesia for written musical keysCurwen 2021 In the bibliographyreference list Author Surname Initials OR Organisation Year Title of dataset Edition if necessary Number or Version of dataset if necessary Available at URL Accessed date or doi Curwen C 2021 Synaesthesia for reading written musical keys Version 3 Available at 26 Last reviewed July 2023 Review date Summer 2024 httpsfigshareshefacukarticlesdatasetSynaesthesiaforwrittenmusicalkeys 13140086 Accessed 28 June 2021 NHS Digital 2015 Statistics on obesity physical activity and diet England Available at httpsdatagovukdatasetstatisticsonobesityphysicalactivityanddietengla nd Accessed 23 January 2017 Office for National Statistics Social Survey Division 2019 Annual Population Survey April 20152016 6th edn SN 8003 doi httpdoiorg105255UKDASN80036 Notes For more information about intext citation and referencing multiple authors see Creating a citation and reference list Back to Contents Dictionary Dictionary Entry Print In the text For an intext citation in your work you would cite the reference as follows Research 2009 is defined as This is the process ofResearch 2009 Berges 2012 notes that moral development Moral development is associated withBerges 2012 In the bibliographyreference list Author of Section Surname INITIALS Year Title of entry in Editors Surname INITIALS ed or eds Title Volume if applicable Edition if not first Place of publication Publisher Page numbers Berges S 2012 Moral Development in Chadwick R ed Encyclopedia of Applied Ethics Volume 3 MR 2nd edn London Academic Press pp 141151 Research 2009 in Concise Oxford English Dictionary 11th rev edn Oxford Oxford University Press p 1222 Dictionary Entry Online In the bibliographyreference list Author of Section Surname INITIALS Year Title of entry in Editors Surname Initials ed or eds Title Volume if applicable Edition if not first Available at URL Accessed date or doi 27 Last reviewed July 2023 Review date Summer 2024 Research n1 2015 in OED Online Available at httpwwwoedcomviewEntry163432isAdvancedfalseresult1rskeyP9ZxF Accessed 14 December 2015 Full Dictionary In Print In the bibliographyreference list Editors Surname INITIALS ed or eds Year Title no of vols if applicable Edition if not first Place of publication Publisher Chadwick R ed 2012 Encylopedia of applied ethics 4 vols 2nd edn London Academic Press Soanes C and Stevenson A eds 2005 Oxford English Dictionary 2nd rev edn Oxford Oxford University Press Full Dictionary Online In the bibliographyreference list Editors Surname INITIALS ed or eds replace with Title if no editor Year Title no of vols if applicable Edition if not first Available at URL Accessed date OED online 2021 Available at httpwwwoedcom Accessed 28 June 2021 Notes Certain types of material such as encyclopedias or dictionaries may not have a person or persons as the main author or editor These can be referenced by the title in italics first eg OED online 2021 Available at httpwwwoedcom Accessed 28 June 2021 To reference an entry in a dictionary or encyclopedia without an author or editor put the title of the entry in single quotation marks first eg Research 2009 in Concise Oxford English Dictionary 11th rev edn Oxford Oxford University Press p 1222 For more information about intext citation and referencing multiple authors see Creating a citation and reference list Back to Contents Dissertation Undergraduate or Masters In the text For an intext citation in your work you would cite the reference as follows 28 Last reviewed July 2023 Review date Summer 2024 Vickers 2008 noted that the impact of technology has changed the way spaces within a library building are provided Learning spaces and services provided are changing due to technological advances Vickers 2008 In the bibliographyreference list Author Surname INITIALS Year Title Award and Type of qualification Awarding body Vickers S 2008 An oral history examination of how technology has impacted on library space using the University of Sheffield Library as a case study MA Dissertation University of Sheffield Notes For more information about intext citation and referencing multiple authors see Creating a citation and reference list Back to Contents Exhibition Full exhibition In the text For an intext citation in your work you would cite the reference as follows The exhibition at the National Portrait Gallery Elizabeth I Her People 2013 2014 In the exhibition Elizabeth I Her People 20132014 Beatles to Bowie the 60s exposed 20092010 showcased the acts of the 1960s Images of music personalities and memorabilia from the 1960s formed a major exhibition in the National Portrait Gallery Beatles to Bowie the 60s exposed 2009 2010 The exhibition The Age of Abstraction Women Artists 2016 at Graves Gallery exhibited Use of colour pattern and line have been explored in a recent exhibition The Age of Abstraction Women Artists 2016 which delves In the bibliographyreference list Title of exhibition Year Exhibition Location Dates of exhibition Beatles to Bowie the 60s exposed 20092010 Exhibition National Portrait Gallery London 15 October 200924 January 2010 Elizabeth I Her People 20132014 Exhibition National Portrait Gallery London 10 October 20135 January 2014 29 Last reviewed July 2023 Review date Summer 2024 The Age of Abstraction Women Artists 2016 Exhibition Graves Gallery Sheffield 5 February 201629 October 2016 Item type as part of an exhibition In the text For an incitation in your work you would cite the reference as follows The portrait of Elizabeth I by Hilliard 1585 The painting of Elizabeth I Hilliard 1585 shows the monarch Bebbington 1969 captures David Bowie The image of David Bowie Bebbington 1969 In the bibliographyreference list Artist Surname INITIALS Date of artwork Title of Artwork Item type in Title of exhibition Exhibition Location Dates of exhibition Bebbington D 1969 David Bowie Photograph in Beatles to Bowie the 60s exposed 20092010 Exhibition National Portrait Gallery London 15 October 200924 January 2010 Hilliard N 1585 Elizabeth I the Ermine portrait Oil painting in Elizabeth I Her People 20132014 Exhibition National Portrait Gallery London 10 October 20135 January 2014 Notes An exhibition may run over a period of two years if this is the case you may enter a date range eg 20132014 For more information about intext citation and referencing multiple authors see Creating a citation and reference list Back to Contents Forum PostMessage Board In the text For an intext citation in your work you would cite your reference as follows Keith 2019 discusses network connectivity issues on Ubuntu Network connectivity issues in the softwareKeith 2019 McNaught 2021 posted details about the survey about the barriers experienced in implementing accessibility McNaught 2021 30 Last reviewed July 2023 Review date Summer 2024 In the bibliographyreference list Username or Surname INITIALS of creator Year TitleSubject of message Title of host message system required if applicable DayMonth message was posted Available at URL or Available email email address Accessed date Keith 2019 usb wireless adapter for Ubuntu1804 Linux Forums 11 July Available at httpslinuxforumsorgukindexphptopic13634msg110605msg110605 Accessed 26 May 2021 McNaught A 2021 Implementing digital accessibility regulations DIGITALACCESSIBILITYREGULATIONS 4 May Available email digitalaccessibilityregulationsjiscmailacuk Accessed 26 May 2021 Notes If the author of a post has used an alias instead of their real full name you may use this in the intext citation and reference For more information about intext citation and referencing multiple authors see Creating a citation and reference list Back to Contents Government Publication Act of Parliament In the text For an incitation in your work you would cite the reference as follows It is now possible to face up to 7 years imprisonment for supplying psychoactive substances Psychoactive Substances Act 2016 The Psychoactive Substances Act 2016 introduced the ban on In the bibliographyreference list Title of Act including year and chapter number Available at URL Accessed date Psychoactive Substances Act 2016 c 2 Available at httpswwwlegislationgovukukpga20162contentsenacted Accessed 6 May 2021 Or if you are referring to the PDF version Psychoactive Substances Act 2016 c 2 Available at httpswwwlegislationgovukukpga20162contentsenacteddatapdf Accessed 6 May 2021 31 Last reviewed July 2023 Review date Summer 2024 Notes In the intext citation the date does not need to be stated separately in round brackets as it already appears in the title of the Act Most Acts will be available to access online and you can either reference the web page or the PDF whichever one you viewed it as For more information about intext citation and referencing multiple authors see Creating a citation and reference list Back to Contents Government Publication Command Paper In the text For an intext citation in your work you would cite the reference as follows The principles of the Teaching Excellence Framework were introduced as a wayDepartment for Business Innovation and Skills 2015 The Department for Business Innovation and Skills 2015 introduced the framework In a report on the knowledge economy Department for Business Innovation and Skills 2016 The Department for Business Innovation and Skills 2016 has stated that Challenges facing the NHS Department of Health 2016 The Department of Health 2016 suggests that demand reduction In the bibliographyreference list Physical item Government Department at the time of publication Year Title Paper number Place of publication Publisher Department for Business Innovation and Skills 2015 Fulfilling our potential teaching excellence social mobility and student choice Cm 9141 London HMSO Department for Business Innovation and Skills 2016 Success as a knowledge economy teaching excellence social mobility and student choice Cm 9258 London HMSO Department of Health 2016 Government response to the House of Commons Health Select Committee report into the impact of the spending review on health and social care Cm 9385 London HMSO 32 Last reviewed July 2023 Review date Summer 2024 OnlineElectronic Government Department at the time of publication Year Title Paper number Available at URL Accessed date Department for Business Innovation and Skills 2015 Fulfilling our potential teaching excellence social mobility and student choice Cm 9141 Available at httpswwwgovukgovernmentuploadssystemuploadsattachmentdatafile47 4227BIS15623fulfillingourpotentialteachingexcellencesocialmobilityand studentchoicepdf Accessed 1 December 2015 Department for Business Innovation and Skills 2016 Success as a knowledge economy teaching excellence social mobility and student choice Cm 9258 Available at httpswwwgovukgovernmentuploadssystemuploadsattachmentdatafile52 3396bis16265successasaknowledgeeconomypdf Accessed 17 June 2016 Department of Health 2016 Government response to the House of Commons Health Select Committee report into the impact of the spending review on health and social care Cm 9385 Available at httpswwwgovukgovernmentuploadssystemuploadsattachmentdatafile57 7910DHGovResponseAccessiblepdf Accessed 1 February 2017 Notes The numbering of Command Papers is done by running numbers with a prefix which changes as the number gets close to 10000 The prefixes are listed below o 18681869 14222 o 18701899 C 1C 9550 o 19001918 Cd 1Cd 9239 o 19191956 Cmd 1Cmd 9889 o 19561986 Cmnd 1Cmnd 9927 o 1986current Cm 1 For more information about intext citation and referencing multiple authors see Creating a citation and reference list Back to Contents Government Publication Government Statistics or Dataset In the text For an intext citation in your work you would cite the reference as follows 33 Last reviewed July 2023 Review date Summer 2024 The Department of Health 2015 statistics show The DoLS statistics Department of Health 2015 show that the trend In the bibliographyreference list Governmental Department Year Title of dataset Edition if necessary Number of dataset if necessary Available at URL Accessed date or doi Department of Health 2015 DoLS monthly summary statistics Quarter 2 2015 to 2016 raw data Available at httpswwwgovukgovernmentstatisticsdeprivationoflibertysafeguardsdols julytoseptember2015 Accessed 1 February 2017 Notes For more information about intext citation and referencing multiple authors see Creating a citation and reference list Back to Contents Government Publication Hansard In the text For an intext citation in your work you would reference the intext citation as follows Jonathan Ashworth MP 2021 questioned how the care system would be integrated The need for a sustainable social care plan Ashworth 2021 Clive Betts MP 2017 mentions the mixture of funding for social care Questioning the future of funding Betts 2017 In the bibliographyreference list Name of speakerauthor Year Subject of debate or speech Hansard Name of House of Parliament debateswritten statementWestminster Hall or petitions Day and Month Volume Column or Page number Available at URL Accessed date Ashworth J 2021 Future of Health and Care Hansard House of Commons debates 11 February 689 c 508 Available at httpshansardparliamentukCommons20210211debates1A5C67A27FE5 4ECE9E0FA98A85639918FutureOfHealthAndCare Accessed 17 May 2021 Betts C 2017 Health and Social Care Budgets Hansard House of Commons Westminster Hall 14 March 623 cc 28WH29WH Available at httpshansardparliamentukCommons20170314debates437785489da5 492aaa3c2611f9e6f29dWestminsterHall Accessed 17 May 2021 34 Last reviewed July 2023 Review date Summer 2024 Notes If you are citing more than one column use cc as the prefix For more information about intext citation and referencing multiple authors see Creating a citation and reference list Back to Contents Government Publication House of Lords and House of Commons Papers In the text For an incitation in your work you would cite the reference as follows More than 30 fully funded Marshall Scholarships were awarded during the academic yearParliament House of Commons 2016a The Marshall Aid Commemoration Committee Parliament House of Commons 2016a awarded scholarships Affordable housing remains on the agenda for the current governmentParliament House of Lords 2016 The Select Committee for Economic Affairs Parliament House of Lords 2016 looked at the provision of affordable housing If the provision of the regulation is brokenParliament House of Lords 2017 The Delegated Powers and Regulatory Reform Committee Parliament House of Lords 2017 found that maximum penalties could be The deficits within the NHSParliament House of Commons 2016b The Health Committee Parliament House of Commons 2016b found that the deficit within the NHS In the bibliographyreference list Physical item Parliament House of Commons or House of Lords Year Title HC or HL Session and Paper number Place of publication Publisher Parliament House of Commons 2016a Marshall Aid Commemoration Commission Account 20152016 HC 20162017 539 London National Audit Office Parliament House of Commons 2016b Impact of the spending review on health and social care First Report of Session 201617 HC 20162017 139 London By the authority of the House of Commons Parliament House of Lords 2016 Building more homes First Report of Session 201617 HL 20162017 20 London By the authority of the House of Lords 35 Last reviewed July 2023 Review date Summer 2024 Parliament House of Lords 2017 Health Service Medical Supplies Costs Bill 12th Report of Session 201617 HL 20162017 94 London By the authority of the House of Lords OnlineElectronic Parliament House of Commons or House of Lords Year Title HC or HL Session and Paper number Available at URL Accessed date Parliament House of Commons 2016a Marshall Aid Commemoration Commission Account 20152016 HC 20162017 539 Available at httpswwwgovukgovernmentuploadssystemuploadsattachmentdatafile54 2143MACCaccount2015to2016pdf Accessed 7 August 2016 Parliament House of Commons 2016b Impact of the spending review on health and social care First Report of Session 201617 HC 20162017 139 Available at httpswwwpublicationsparliamentukpacm201617cmselectcmhealth139139 pdf Accessed 1 February 2017 Parliament House of Lords 2016 Building more homes First Report of Session 201617 HL 20162017 20 Available at httpwwwpublicationsparliamentukpald201617ldselectldeconaf2020pdf Accessed 8 September 2016 Parliament House of Lords 2017 Health Service Medical Supplies Costs Bill 12th Report of Session 201617 HL 20162017 94 Available at httpswwwpublicationsparliamentukpald201617ldselectlddelreg9494pdf Accessed 12 November 2017 Notes If more than one of your citations has the same author and year of publication then you should distinguish between them by using a lowercase letter following the year eg The paperParliament House of Commons 2016athis was supported byParliament House of Commons 2016b In your references paper numbers for the House of Lords papers are put within round brackets after the Session dates to distinguish them from identical House of Commons paper numbers eg paper number 20 from the House of Commons Session 20162017 would be written HC 20162017 20 whereas paper number 20 from the House of Lords Session 20162017 would be written HL 20162017 20 For more information about intext citation and referencing multiple authors see Creating a citation and reference list Back to Contents 36 Last reviewed July 2023 Review date Summer 2024 Government Publication Parliamentary Bills Amendments and Explanatory Notes In the text For an intext citation in your work you would cite the reference as follows The Digital Economy Bill 2016 has attracted controversy The House of Commons proposed that the BBC could face more regulation from Ofcom Digital Economy Bill 2016 Increased measures for child safety have been included in amendments to the Crime and Policing Bill 2016 The House of Lords Crime and Policing Bill 2016 have amended The Oil and Gas Authority were transferred regulatory powers from the Secretary of State for Energy Energy Bill Explanatory Notes 2015 The House of Lords note in the Energy Bill Explanatory Notes 2015 that the Oil and Gas Authority In the bibliographyreference list Physical item Title Year of publication Parliament House of Commons or House of Lords Bill no Place of publication Publisher Digital Economy Bill 2016 Parliament House of Commons Bill no 45 London The Stationery Office Energy Bill Explanatory Notes 2015 Parliament House of Lords Bill no 56EN London The Stationery Office Policing and Crime Bill Amendments 2016 Parliament House of Lords Bill no 55 c London The Stationery Office OnlineElectronic Title Year of publication Parliament House of Commons or House of Lords Bill no Available at URL Accessed date Digital Economy Bill 2016 Parliament House of Commons Bill no 45 Available at httpwwwpublicationsparliamentukpabillscbill201620170045cbill2016 20170045en1htm Accessed 16 August 2016 Energy Bill Explanatory Notes 2015 Parliament House of Lords Bill no 56EN Available at httpwwwpublicationsparliamentukpabillslbill2015 20160056en16056enpdf Accessed 30 August 2016 37 Last reviewed July 2023 Review date Summer 2024 Policing and Crime Bill Amendments 2016 Parliament House of Lords Bill no 55 c Available at httpwwwpublicationsparliamentukpabillslbill2016 2017005517055cpdf Accessed 1 September 2016 Notes For more information about intext citation and referencing multiple authors see Creating a citation and reference list Back to Contents Government Publications Statutory Instruments In the text For an intext citation in your work you would reference the citation as follows The Police Amendment No2 Regulations 2006 introduced changes Conflicts of interest for Police Officers should be reported to their seniorThe Police Amendment No2 Regulations 2006 In the bibliographyreference list Physical item Name of Statutory Instrument including year SI yearnumber Place of publication Publisher The Police Amendment No2 Regulations 2006 SI 20063449 London The Stationery Office OnlineElectronic Name of Statutory Instrument including year SI yearnumber Available at URL Accessed date The Police Amendment No2 Regulations 2006 SI 20063449 Available at httpwwwlegislationgovukuksi20063449pdfsuksi20063449enpdf Accessed 28 September 2016 Notes In the intext citation the date does not need to be stated separately in round brackets as it already appears in the title of the Act For more information about intext citation and referencing multiple authors see Creating a citation and reference list Back to Contents 38 Last reviewed July 2023 Review date Summer 2024 Government Publication Other Official Publications In the text For an intext citation in your work you would cite the reference as follows The ongoing decommissioning of nuclear plants in scheduledOffice for Nuclear Regulation 2016 The Office for Nuclear Regulation 2016 have set out their strategic aims The funding of care must be provided by either NHS or the local authorityDepartment of Health 2016 The Department of Health 2016 found that funding In the bibliographyreference list Physical item Government Department or Office at time of publication if available Year Title Place of Publication Publisher Series if applicable Department of Health 2019 National framework for NHS continuing healthcare and NHS funded nursing care London Department of Health Office for Nuclear Regulation 2016 Office for Nuclear Regulation Strategic Plan 20162020 Presented to Parliament pursuant to Paragraph 253 of Schedule 7 to the Energy Act 2013 March 2016 London Office for Nuclear Regulation OnlineElectronic Government Department or Office at time of publication if available Year Title Series if applicable Available at URL Accessed date Department of Health 2019 National framework for NHS continuing healthcare and NHS funded nursing care Available at httpswwwgovukgovernmentpublicationsnationalframeworkfornhs continuinghealthcareandnhsfundednursingcare Accessed 17 May 2021 Office for Nuclear Regulation 2016 Office for Nuclear Regulation Strategic Plan 20162020 Presented to Parliament pursuant to Paragraph 253 of Schedule 7 to the Energy Act 2013 March 2016 Available at httpwwwonrorgukdocuments2016strategicplan20162020pdf Accessed 17 May 2021 Notes For more information about intext citation and referencing multiple authors see Creating a citation and reference list Back to Contents 39 Last reviewed July 2023 Review date Summer 2024 Images and Figures This guidance is for citing and referencing images and figures that you are referring to in your work If you have inserted an image or figure into your work please see the Guidance for taught course students inserting images and figures into university work In the text For an intext citation in your work you would cite the reference as follows The overflow of the Ladybower reservoir can be seen in the image andyc 2005 Schnabel 1984 created the artwork using paint on velvet The photograph Nicholls 1919 shows the 18th Battalion The painting shows the effects of intense heat on the structure of a building Sutherland 1941 In the bibliographyreference list From an online collectionsocial media site eg Flickr Instagram etc ArtistCreator surname INITIALS or screen name Year Title of imagefigure Description Available at URL Accessed date andyc 2005 Ladybower Plughole Photograph Available at httpswwwflickrcomphotosandycpics3035948922 Accessed 6 July 2016 From a museumgallery either viewed in person or online ArtistCreator surname Initials Year Title of imagefigure Description Name of museumgallery Location If viewed in person Viewed date If viewed online Available at URL Accessed date Nicholls H 1919 Preparations for the Peace Day Celebrations July 1919 Photograph Imperial War Museum London Available at httpwwwiwmorgukcollectionsitemobject205297061 Accessed 2 January 2016 From a journal ArtistCreator surname INITIALS Year Title of imagefigure Description in Author of journal article if different to ArtistCreator Surname INITIALS Year Title of article Title of Journal VolumeIssue Page number If online Available at URL Accessed date Schnabel J 1984 Ethnic Types 15 and 72 Oil animal hide modeling paste on velvet in Sans J 2020 Julian Schnabel The Myth Unfurls Art in Translation 123 p 400 doi httpsdoiorg1010801756131020201876831 40 Last reviewed July 2023 Review date Summer 2024 From a bookebook ArtistCreator surname INITIALS Year Title of imagefigure Description in Author of book if different to ArtistCreator Surname INITIALS Year Title of book Year Place of publication Publisher Page number Sutherland G 1941 Devastation 1941 City twisted girders Painting in Mellor L Reading the ruins Modernism bombsites and British culture 2011 Cambridge Cambridge University Press p 119 Notes Reference an ebook in the same way as a print book You do not need to add the URL In some cases you may need to use the screen name of the creator if their real name is not available which may be the case with image sharing or social media websites If a person or corporation cannot be identified as the artistcreator omit the artistcreator and start the reference with the title If there is no clear title to the image a popular title may be used if one exists If a popular title to the image does not exist then you will need to supply the image with a title in square brackets providing the following where possible o The subject matter o The name or place of the object depicted ie the person the building the location etc Some online journal articles group multiple figures together as one downloadable image If you are only referring to one of the figures within the image make this clear by using the title of that particular figure in your citationreference Include a description of the item in square brackets eg Photograph Diagram Table etc If it is a painting or drawing you can either describe it as Painting or Drawing or if the medium used is available you can use this as the description eg Watercolour Oil on canvas Charcoal on paper etc If you are referencing an image or figure from a source other than those listed above include the details of the source in the usual format for that item type after the details of the image You dont need to include a citation and reference for any images or figures that you have created yourself Everything in your work is assumed to be your own work unless you state otherwise ie by citing someone elses work Medical images You may need to reference an individual patients Xray or scan eg if you are working on a placement in a hospital As this is confidential information you would need to anonymise 41 Last reviewed July 2023 Review date Summer 2024 the name of the patient See Confidential Information for referencing other medical information In the text The tumour can clearly be seen in Patient As MRI scan 2022 In the bibliographyreference list Anonymised patients name Year image produced Image title Medium Location Name of institution Patient A 2022 Upper mandible MRI scan Sheffield Weston Park Hospital Notes If you are referencing an image of an individual patients scan or Xray you must obtain permission to use the image from both the patient and the hospital For more information about intext citation and referencing multiple authors see Creating a citation and reference list Back to Contents Information Sheet In the text For an intext citation in your work you would cite your reference as follows The SOLiD System allowsApplied Biosystems 2008 Applied Biosystems 2008 manufacture The Boots decongestant tabletBoots Pharmaceuticals 2020 Boots Pharmaceuticals 2020 recommend that their decongestant The patient information leaflet for Doxycycline recommends Kent Pharmaceuticals Ltd 2020 Kent Pharmaceuticals Ltd 2020 indicate that Doxycycline In the bibliographyreference list Physical item Corporate Author or Author Surname INITIALS Year Title of Information Sheet Place of publication Publisher Publication Number Applied Biosystems 2008 Application Fact Sheet SOLiD System Accuracy Foster City CA Applied Biosystems 139AP0404 Boots Pharmaceuticals 2020 Decongestant tablet Pseudoephedrine hydrochloride Nottingham The Boots Company PLC 000140375 42 Last reviewed July 2023 Review date Summer 2024 Kent Pharmaceuticals Ltd 2020 Patient information leaflet Doxycycline 50mg capsules Ashford Kent Pharmaceuticals Ltd PL 304640060 OnlineElectronic Corporate Author or Author Surname INITIALS Year Title of Information Sheet Publication Number Available at URL Accessed date Applied Biosystems 2008 Application Fact Sheet SOLiD System Accuracy 139AP04 04 Available at httptoolsthermofishercomcontentsfsbrochuresSOLiDAccuracypdf Accessed 8 April 2021 Boots Pharmaceuticals 2020 Decongestant tablets Pseudoephedrine hydrochloride 000140375 Available at httpswwwmedicinesorgukemcPIL21466latestpdf Accessed 8 April 2021 Kent Pharmaceuticals Ltd 2020 Patient information leaflet Doxycycline 50mg capsules PL 304640060 Available at httpswwwmedicinesorgukemcfilespil4050pdf Accessed 8 April 2021 Notes For more information about intext citation and referencing multiple authors see Creating a citation and reference list Back to Contents Journal Article Print In the text For an intext citation in your work you would cite the reference as follows Austin 2009 argues that periodical conflict may be expected It can be assumed that pickpocketingAustin 2009 In the bibliography in the reference list Author of article Surname INITIALS Year Title of article Journal title VolumeIssue Page range Austin T 2012 Takers keepers losers weepers theft as customary play in southern Philippines Journal of Folklore Research 493 pp 263284 Notes Enclose the title of the article in single quotation marks Capitalise the first letter of each of the main words of the journal title but not the linking words such as and for of or the 43 Last reviewed July 2023 Review date Summer 2024 For more information about intext citation and referencing multiple authors see Creating a citation and reference list Back to Contents Journal Article with a DOI Electronic What is a DOI If you are unsure if the article you are looking at has a DOI please see the following page DOIs and URLs which gives an explanation of the identifier In the text For an intext citation in your work you would cite the reference as follows Dobson 2006 identified that the depiction The stereotypical portrayal of culturesDobson 2006 In the bibliographyreference list Author of article Surname INITIALS Year Title of article Title of journal VolumeIssue Page range if available doi Dobson H 2006 Mister Sparkle meets the Yakuza depictions of Japan in The Simpsons Journal of Popular Culture 391 pp 4468 doi httpsdoiorg101111j15405931200600203x Notes For a journal article with a DOI you dont need to include Available at or Accessed date in the reference as a DOI is a stable identifier and will not change whereas a URL may change or be deleted so the extra information is needed to clarify where and when you found the article Always write DOI in lower case letters in your references eg doi A DOI should be written with the prefix httpsdoiorg followed by the DOI number Never put a full stop after a DOI or URL as it may be assumed that it is part of the DOI or URL and prevent it from working Enclose the title of the article in single quotation marks Capitalise the first letter of each of the main words of the journal title but not the linking words such as and for of or the For more information about intext citation and referencing multiple authors see Creating a citation and reference list Back to Contents 44 Last reviewed July 2023 Review date Summer 2024 Journal Article without a DOI Electronic In the text For an intext citation in your work you would cite the reference as follows Ashby 1999 identified Zappas style The melodies in Zappas workAshby 1999 In the bibliographyreference list Author of article Surname INITIALS Year Title of article Title of Journal VolumeIssue Page range if available Available at URL Accessed date Ashby A 1999 Frank Zappa and the antifetishist orchestra The Musical Quarterly 834 pp 557606 Available at httpwwwjstororgstable742617 Accessed 8 April 2021 Notes Enclose the title of the article in single quotation marks Capitalise the first letter of each of the main words of the journal title but not the linking words such as and for of or the For more information about intext citation and referencing multiple authors see Creating a citation and reference list Back to Contents Journal Article Preprint Ahead of Publication In the text For an intext citation in your work you would cite the reference as follows Lichtenthaler 2016 demonstrated an innovationbased view Complex relationships that appear in companiesLichtenthaler 2016 In the bibliographyreference list Author Surname INITIALS Year Title of Article To be published in Title of journal if stated VolumeIssue Preprint Available at URL Accessed date or doi Lichtenthaler U 2016 Towards an innovationbased perspective on company performance To be published in Management Decision 541 Preprint Available at httpwwwemeraldinsightcomdoiabs101108MD0520150161 Accessed 7 January 2016 Notes Enclose the title of the article in single quotation marks 45 Last reviewed July 2023 Review date Summer 2024 There may not be any information about which journal the article will be published in so that part of the reference doesnt have to be included Capitalise the first letter of each of the main words of the journal title but not the linking words such as and for of or the For more information about intext citation and referencing multiple authors see Creating a citation and reference list Back to Contents Journal Article with many authors In some fields such as medicine and physics an article may have hundreds of authors in such cases it may be impractical to list each one You would reference as follows In the text For an intext citation in your work you would cite the reference as follows Abbott et al 2016 observed gravitational waves The first observation of a binary black hole merger includedAbbott et al 2016 In the bibliographyreference list Physical item First or lead author of article Surname INITIALS et al Year Title of article Journal title VolumeIssue Page range Abbott BP et al 2016 Observation of gravitational waves from a binary black hole merger Physical Review Letters 1166 061102 OnlineElectronic First or lead author of article Surname INITIALS et al Year Title of article Title of journal VolumeIssue Page range if available Available at URL Accessed date or doi Aubert B et al 2002 The BABAR detector Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A Accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment 4791 pp 1116 doi httpsdoiorg101016S0168900201020125 Notes For references with up to three authors list all the authors in the reference list in the order they appear in the source In some cases there may be a long list of authors in medical and scientific papers If this is the case you only need to include the first author followed by et al written in italics Enclose the title of the article in single quotation marks 46 Last reviewed July 2023 Review date Summer 2024 Capitalise the first letter of each of the main words of the journal title but not the linking words such as and for of or the For more information about intext citation and referencing multiple authors see Creating a citation and reference list Back to Contents Lecture notes lecture recordings handouts and other unpublished teaching materials Citing informal or unpublished materials such as handouts lecture recordings and lecture notes is not generally recommended Instead you should look to cite a primary source such as a textbook or journal article which describes or summarises the idea you are referring to You may wish to ask your lecturer for recommended reading Back to Contents Magazine Guidance from Cite Them Right 10th rev and expanded edn suggests that a magazine article should be referenced as a Journal Article In order to locate some of the information required for referencing you may need to look at the following locations The front of the magazine near the barcode The back of the magazine near the barcode The table of contents The publication information which is normally written in very small text near the front of the magazine or near the back of the magazine This usually contains contact emails and copyright statements as well Back to Contents Manuscript In the text For an intext citation in your work you would cite your reference as follows In his letter Ellis no date mentions The correspondence with John HolmesEllis no date In the bibliographyreference list Author Surname INITIALS Year Title of Manuscript Date if available Name of Collection and Reference number Location of Archive or Repository 47 Last reviewed July 2023 Review date Summer 2024 Ellis H no date Letter to John Holmes assistant keeper Department of Manuscripts British Museum Single Manuscript Collection MS 24 42 Special Collections and Archives University of Sheffield Notes If no date can be found then you would use no date For more information about intext citation and referencing multiple authors see Creating a citation and reference list Back to Contents Maps In the text For an intext citation in your work you would cite your reference as follows The Inverness and Strathglass Ordnance Survey map 1996 shows Loch Ness The area covered by the mapOrdnance Survey 1996 The Information Commons Google Maps 2021 is near The library can be seen using Google Maps 2021 In the bibliographyreference list Physical item Name of creator or creator Surname INITIALS Year Title of map Sheet number Map scale Edition if needed Place of publication Publisher Series Ordnance Survey 1996 Inverness and Strathglass Sheet 26 150000 7GSGS edn Southampton Ordnance Survey Landranger Series OnlineElectronic Name of creator or creator Surname INITIALS Year Title of map Format if available Scale if available Available at URL Accessed date Google Maps 2021 Information Commons Sheffield Available at httpswwwgooglecoukmaps Accessed 8 April 2021 Ordnance Survey 2020 Castleton Derbyshire 150000 Available at httpdigimapedinaacuk Accessed 8 April 2021 Notes For more information about intext citation and referencing multiple authors see Creating a citation and reference list 48 Last reviewed July 2023 Review date Summer 2024 Back to Contents Music Album Physical Format In the text For an intext citation in your work you would cite your reference as follows The controversy caused by the album by The Prodigy 1997 The track listing on The Fat of the Land The Prodigy 1997 The Beatles 1967 produced the selftitled album The album known as The White Album The Beatles 1967 was the follow up album Recorded by Queens of the Stone Age 2002 The album Songs for the Deaf Queens of the Stone Age 2002 featured the guest drummer In the bibliographyreference list Name of Artist Year Title of Album Format Edition if needed Place of Publication Record Label The Beatles 1967 The Beatles The White Album CD Heyes ParlophoneEMI The Prodigy 1997 The Fat of the Land Vinyl London XLRecordings Queens of the Stone Age 2002 Songs for the Deaf CD Limited Edition UK Version Santa Monica Interscope Records Notes If the item is widely known by or was originally issued under a title different from that of the item the alternative title may also be provided in brackets if necessary eg The Beatles The White Album For more information about intext citation and referencing multiple authors see Creating a citation and reference list Back to Contents Music Album Track Physical Format In the text For an intext citation in your work you would cite your reference as follows The Prodigy 1997 recorded the song The song Breathe The Prodigy 1997 demonstrated 49 Last reviewed July 2023 Review date Summer 2024 Lennon and McCartney wrote the Beatles 1968 song While My Guitar Gently Weeps The Beatles 1968 is a The Runaways 1976 song Cherry Bomb appears on the compilation album The song Cherry Bomb The Runaways 1976 is used in the film In the bibliographyreference list Name of Artist Year Title of song Title of Album Year if different to the original song recording Format Edition if needed Place of Publication Record Label The Beatles 1968 While My Guitar Gently Weeps The Beatles The White Album CD Heyes ParlophoneEMI The Prodigy 1997 Breathe The Fat of the Land Vinyl London XLRecordings The Runaways 1976 Cherry Bomb Guardians of the Galaxy Awesome Mix Vol1 Original Motion Picture Soundtrack 2014 CD Hollywood Marvel Music Notes If the item is widely known by or was originally issued under a title different from that of the item the alternative title may also be provided in brackets if necessary eg The Beatles The White Album For more information about intext citation and referencing multiple authors see Creating a citation and reference list Back to Contents Music Digital formats Full album In the text For an intext citation in your work you would cite your reference as follows Pink Floyds 1977 Animals album Animals Pink Floyd 1977 shows political statements Hardwiredto SelfDestruct is the latest album by Metallica 2016 Hardwiredto SelfDestruct Metallica 2016 includes the track In the bibliographyreference list Name of Artist Year Title of Album Edition if needed Available at URL Downloaded date Metallica 2016 Hardwiredto SelfDestruct Available at httpsopenspotifycomalbum4kizef5du9TgAGfNhWbKmt Downloaded 31 March 2021 50 Last reviewed July 2023 Review date Summer 2024 Pink Floyd 1977 Animals 2011 Remastered Version Available at httpswwwamazoncoukAnimals2011RemasteredVersion FloyddpB005NNZ9IM Downloaded 31 March 2021 For an album track In the text For an intext citation in your work you would cite your reference as follows Pink Floyds 1977 song Sheep describes the political The song Sheep Pink Floyd 1977 is a view on political followers Metallicas 2016 song Moth into Flame Moth into Flame Metallica 2016 was used as part of In the bibliographyreference list Name of Artist Year Title of song Title of Album Edition if needed Available at URL Downloaded date Metallica 2016 Moth into Flame Hardwiredto SelfDestruct Available at httpsopenspotifycomalbum4kizef5du9TgAGfNhWbKmt Downloaded 31 March 2021 Pink Floyd 1977 Sheep Animals 2011 Remastered Version Available at httpswwwamazoncoukAnimals2011RemasteredVersion FloyddpB005NNZ9IM Downloaded 31 March 2021 Notes If the item is widely known by or was originally issued under a title different from that of the item the alternative title may also be provided in brackets if necessary eg The Beatles The White Album The Downloaded date in the reference is the date that you downloaded the music onto your device For more information about intext citation and referencing multiple authors see Creating a citation and reference list Back to Contents Music Score In the text For an intext citation in your work you would cite the reference as follows Bowie 1998 used the The score represents Bowie 1998 51 Last reviewed July 2023 Review date Summer 2024 Busoni 1992 represented the The piano concertoBusoni 1992 Wagners score 1900 shows Tristan and Isolde Wagner 1900 represents In the bibliographyreference list Composer Surname Initial s Date Title of score Notes on version including librettists editors translators if applicable Edition if applicable Place of publication Publisher Bowie D 1998 The Best of David Bowie 19741979 London Wise Publications Busoni F 1992 Kadenzen zu klavierkonzerten Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Cadenzas to piano concertos of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Edited by Reiner Weber Edition Breikopf Nr 8577 Weisbaden Breitkoff Härtel Wagner R 1900 Tristan and Isolde Score by Hans Von Bülow English Translation by H and F Corder Leipzig Breitkoff Härtel Notes For more information about intext citation and referencing multiple authors see Creating a citation and reference list Back to Contents Newspaper Article In the text For an intext citation in your work you would cite the reference as follows Sample 2014 highlights the research which has taken place The research was reported in the national newsSample 2014 In print In the bibliographyreference list Author Surname INITIALS Year Title of Article Title of newspaper Date Day Month Page range Sample I 2014 Why an octopus never gets itself tied in knots The Guardian 16 May p 17 OnlineElectronic In the bibliographyreference list Author Surname INITIALS Year Title of article Title of Newspaper Date Day Month Page number if available Available at URL or doi Accessed date 52 Last reviewed July 2023 Review date Summer 2024 Sample I 2014 Why an octopuss suckers dont stick its arms together The Guardian 15 May Available at httpwwwtheguardiancomscience2014may15octopussuckersarms chemicalskin Accessed 17 January 2015 Newspaper database eg Nexis If you have accessed an article via a passwordprotected institutional database eg Nexis you do not need to iclude the database details in the reference as it may not be accessible to everyone Give enough detail in the reference for the reader to be able to find the article eg as in the examples above Notes For more information about intext citation and referencing multiple authors see Creating a citation and reference list Back to Contents Patent In the text For an intext citation you would cite the reference as follows Hollis and Tans helical gradient coil 2017 The helical gradient coil demonstratesHollis and Tan 2017 Carter and Lawless 2010 show the gimbaled The gimbaledshoulder designCarter and Lawless 2010 In the bibliographyreference list Inventors Surname INITIALS Year patent granted Title of patent Authorising organisation Patent number Available at URL Accessed date Carter RW and Lawless KG 2010 Gimbaledshoulder friction stir welding tool United States Patent and Trademark Office Patent no 7686202 Available at httpspatentsjustiacompatent7686202 Accessed 12 April 2021 Hollis TJ and Tan F 2017 Helical gradient coil for magnetic resonance imaging apparatus UK Intellectual Property Office Patent no GB2494259 Available at httpswwwipogovukpfindpublication getPDFpdfPatentNoGB2494259DocTypeBJournalNumber6664 Accessed 12 April 2021 Notes If using a patent retrieved from Espacenet you will need to ensure you use the correct patent code as they are not all European Patents A European patent will have a code that begins with EP 53 Last reviewed July 2023 Review date Summer 2024 For more information about intext citation and referencing multiple authors see Creating a citation and reference list Back to Contents Personal Communications This includes any personal communication you have had either physically or online eg a facetoface conversation a phone conversation a Skype or FaceTime conversation an email a text message a letter or a fax In the text For an intext citation you would cite the reference as follows In the conversation with Smith 2021 It was decided that the information would be includedSmith 2021 In the bibliographyreference list SenderSpeakerAuthor Surname INITIALS Year of communication Medium of communication towith Receiver of communication DayMonth of communication Smith S 2019 Email to Jennifer Jones 11 February Smith S 2020 Text message to Julia Carpenter 28 June Smith S 2021 Skype conversation with Max Williams 16 March Notes You may need permission from anyone involved in the communication before using them in your work You may include a copy of written communications in your appendices For more information about intext citation and referencing multiple authors see Creating a citation and reference list Back to Contents Plays In the text Shakespeare 1984 displays the tragedy Romeo and Juliet Shakespeare 1984 uses Shakespeare 2010 shows the use of The Taming of the Shrew Shakespeare 2010 54 Last reviewed July 2023 Review date Summer 2024 In the bibliographyreference list Individual play Author of play Surname INITIALS Year of Publication Title of play Edition if needed Edited by Full Name Place of publication Publisher Shakespeare W 1984 Romeo and Juliet Edited by G Blakemore Evans Cambridge Cambridge University Press Shakespeare W 2010 The Taming of the Shrew Edited by Barbara Hodgson London Methuen Drama In an anthologycomplete works Author of play surname INITIALS Year of publication Title of play in Editors Surnames INITIALS ed or eds Title of book Edition if not first edition Place of publication Publisher Page numbers Shakespeare W 2007a The taming of the shrew in Bate J and Rasmussen E eds William Shakespeare Complete Works Basingstoke Macmillan pp 526583 Shakespeare W 2007b The tragedy of Romeo and Juliet in Bate J and Rasmussen E eds William Shakespeare Complete Works Basingstoke Macmillan pp 16791743 If accessed online Many ebooks look the same as a printed book in terms of pagination publisher details etc so the intext citation and reference will be in the same format as a print book you do not need to include details of where you accessed it from online in the reference Cite and reference plays in an electronic format as you would for plays in print books unless you have downloaded it onto an ereader and the pagination is not available For an ereader eg Kindle If the page numbers of an ebook are not available in the device you are using use the information that is available such as loc chapter or paragraph if you need to identify a particular pagesection for your intext citation The date that you downloaded it onto your electronic device is included at the end of the reference In the text For an intext citation in your work you would cite the reference as follows Shakespeare 2021 explores the theme of jealousy Othello Shakespeare 2021 uses In the bibliographyreference list Author of play Surname INITIALS Year of Publication Title of play Edition if needed Available at URL Downloaded date 55 Last reviewed July 2023 Review date Summer 2024 Shakespeare W 2021 Othello Available at httpswwwamazoncoukOthello WilliamShakespeare ebookdpB095M94KCTrefsr15 Downloaded 30 April 2021 Notes When directly quoting from a play you should use ActSceneLine eg Shakespeare 2007 21176179 The Year of publication is the year that the item you are referencing was published rather than the year the play was written The Downloaded date in the reference is the date that you downloaded the play onto your device For more information about intext citation and referencing multiple authors see Creating a citation and reference list Back to Contents Podcast In the text For an intext citation in your work you would cite the reference as follows Bragg 2021 discusses the deciphering of hieroglyphics The role of ChampollionBragg 2021 Thompson 2021 discusses the history The use of blackface in ShakespeareThompson 2021 The Centre for the History of the Emotions 2017 investigates The concept of what is normalCentre for the History of the Emotions 2017 In the bibliographyreference list Surname of AuthorPresenter INITIALS Year site was publishedlast updated Title of Podcast Podcast DayMonth posted if available Available at URL Accessed date Bragg M 2021 The Rosetta Stone Podcast 11 February Available at httpswwwbbccoukprogrammesm000s2qd Accessed 22 May 2021 Centre for the History of the Emotions 2017 The Museum of the Normal Podcast Available at httpssoundcloudcomuser357683788themuseumofthenormal Accessed 24 May 2021 Thompson A 2021 Blackface a brief history Podcast 12 May Available at httpswwwhistoryextracomperiod20thcenturyblackfacehistorypodcast ayannathompson Accessed 18 May 2021 56 Last reviewed July 2023 Review date Summer 2024 Notes Reference where the podcast was published or displayed rather than referencing it as a download on your edevice If there is no author or presenter use the name of the organisation who created it in place of AuthorPresenter For more information about intext citation and referencing multiple authors see Creating a citation and reference list Back to Contents Presentation In the text For an intext citation in your work you would cite the reference as follows Grant 2016 demonstrates the issues The artwork expresses theGrant 2016 Sciamanna Bazela and Bullingham 2016 presented the work surrounding The case study within the presentation focused onSciamanna Bazela and Bullingham 2016 In the bibliographyreference list Surname of presenter INITIALS Year of presentation Title of presentation Medium eg PowerPoint presentation Name of event Available at URL Accessed date Grant V 2016 Voice agency and the medical arts PowerPoint presentation Medical Arts Seminar HRI University of Sheffield Available at httpswwwslidesharenetmissvagrantvoiceagencyandthemedicalarts Accessed 22 May 2017 Sciamanna C Bazela C and Bullingham L 2016 Reconceptualising information and digital literacy in a fluid digital world PowerPoint presentation Northern Collaboration Conference 2016 Available from httpswwwslidesharenetnortherncollaborationreconceptualisinginformationand digitalliteracyinafluiddigitalworld Accessed 18 May 2017 Notes For more information about intext citation and referencing multiple authors see Creating a citation and reference list Back to Contents 57 Last reviewed July 2023 Review date Summer 2024 Radio In the text For an intext citation in your work you would reference as follows World at One 2017 provided the update on The new head judgeWorld at One 2017 Desert Island Discs Bernardine Evaristo 2020 played the song The discussion with the Booker Prizewinning authorDesert Island Discs Bernardine Evaristo 2020 Recall of the Rock 2021 shares the oral history of women climbers Helen Morts poem is interwoven with interviews Recall of the Rock 2021 In the bibliographyreference list Original Broadcast Title of programme Year of transmission Transmitting organisation or channel DayMonth of transmission World at One 2017 BBC Radio 4 9 May Original broadcast as part of a series Title of show episode number if available episode title if available Year of transmission Transmitting organisation or channel DayMonth of transmission Desert Island Discs Bernardine Evaristo 2020 BBC Radio 4 25 September Broadcast accessed via onlinedatabasestreaming service Title of programme Year of transmission Transmitting organisation or channel DayMonth of transmission Available at URL or name of streaming servicedatabase Accessed date Recall of the Rock 2021 BBC Sounds 11 April Available at httpswwwbbccouksoundsplaym000v2mr Accessed 13 April 2021 Original broadcast as part of a series accessed via onlinedatabasestreaming service Title of show episode number if available episode title if available Year of transmission Transmitting organisation or channel DayMonth of transmission Available at URL or name of streaming servicedatabase Accessed date Desert Island Discs David Olusoga 2021 BBC Radio 4 15 January Available at httpswwwbbccoukprogrammesm000r314 Accessed 13 April 2021 Notes For more information about intext citation and referencing multiple authors see Creating a citation and reference list 58 Last reviewed July 2023 Review date Summer 2024 Back to Contents Reports In the text For an intext citation in your work you would cite the reference as follows Johnson and Fitzpatrick 2007 note that street users Enforcement areas for the problemJohnson and Fitzpatrick 2007 J Sainsbury 2016 acknowledged the amount of food waste Supermarkets are aware of the waste created due toJ Sainsbury 2016 The Joseph Rowntree Foundation 2015 reported that the supply of new homes would need to be sustainable Joseph Rowntree Foundation 2015 Snowdon 2017 looked at the cost of healthy eating It was found that the cost of a healthy dietSnowdon 2017 Schonfeld and Sweeney 2019 note that art museums To reach and engage new audiencesSchonfeld and Sweeney 2019 In the bibliographyreference list Physical item Author Surname INITIALS or Corporate Author Year of publication Title of report Paper number if applicable Place of Publication Publisher Johnson S and Fitzpatrick S 2007 The impact of enforcement on street users in England Bristol The Policy Press OnlineElectronic with a URL Author Surname INITIALS or Corporate Author Year of publication Title of report Paper number if applicable Available at URL Accessed date Joseph Rowntree Foundation 2015 Building sustainable homes Available at httpswwwjrforgukfile46481downloadtokenUXZzH3XMfiletypefullreport Accessed 4 May 2017 J Sainsbury 2016 Sainsburys food surplus and food waste how we are delivering a positive impact Available at httpwwwj sainsburycoukmedia3442510Sainsburys20food20surplus20and20food2 0waste20figures20151620reportpdf Accessed 4 May 2017 Snowdon C 2017 Cheap as chips Is a healthy diet affordable IEA Discussion Paper No 82 Available at httpsieaorgukwpcontentuploads201703Cheapas ChipsPDFpdf Accessed 30 March 2017 59 Last reviewed July 2023 Review date Summer 2024 OnlineElectronic with a DOI What is a DOI If you are unsure if the item you are looking at has a DOI please see the following page DOIs and URLs which gives an explanation of the identifier Author Surname INITIALS or Corporate Author Year of publication Title of report Paper number if applicable doi Schonfeld RC and Sweeney L 2019 Organizing the work of the art museum doi httpsdoiorg1018665sr311731 Notes For a report with a DOI you dont need to include Available at or Accessed date in the reference as a DOI is a stable identifier and will not change whereas a URL may change or be deleted so the extra information is needed to clarify where and when you found the report Always write DOI in lower case letters in your references eg doi A DOI should be written with the prefix httpsdoiorg followed by the DOI number Never put a full stop after a DOI or URL as it may be assumed that it is part of the DOI or URL and prevent it from working For more information about intext citation and referencing multiple authors see Creating a citation and reference list Back to Contents Sacred Texts The Bible In the text For an intext citation you would cite the reference as follows Naomis advice to her daughterinlaw Ruth 2 22 In the bibliographyreference list Book of the Bible Chapter verse Holy Bible Version of the Holy Bible Ruth 2 22 Holy Bible King James Version Notes The author is not required as this may not be clear The page numbers are not required as these will vary between printings 60 Last reviewed July 2023 Review date Summer 2024 The publisher and publication date are not required The Torah In the text For an intext citation you would cite the reference as follows Helping those in need Devarim 15 11 In the bibliographyreference list Torah Book Chapter verse Torah Devarim 15 11 Notes The author is not required as this may not be clear The page numbers are not required as these will vary between printings The publisher and publication date are not required The Quran In the text For an intext citation you would cite the reference as follows Give what you can spare Quran 2 219 In the bibliographyreference list Quran Surah or chapter verse Year of publication Translated by Surname INITIALS Place of publication Publisher Quran 2 219 2008 Translated by Abdel Haleem MAS Oxford Oxford University Press Notes The page numbers are not required as these will vary between printings For more information about intext citation and referencing multiple authors see Creating a citation and reference list Back to Contents 61 Last reviewed July 2023 Review date Summer 2024 Sculpture In the text For an intext citation in your work you would cite the reference as follows Keegans 1991 sculpture shows the use of rakufired earthenware The sculpture Newby the Dog Keegan 1991 The sculpture of Neptune and Triton by Bernini no date shows the use of The marble sculpture of Neptune and Triton Bernini no date In the bibliographyreference list Physical item Surname of artist INITIALS Year Title Sculpture Place Gallery or Name of collection department if available identifier or reference number if available Bernini G no date Neptune and Triton Sculpture London Victoria and Albert Museum A1811950 Keegan S 1991 Newby the dog Sculpture London Victoria and Albert Museum C1961 21991 Online See Images and Figures Notes If there is no clear title to the item a popular title may be used if one exists If a popular title to the image does not exist then you will need to supply the item with a title in square brackets providing the following where possible o The subject matter o The name or place of the object depicted ie the person the building the location etc If no date can be found then you would use no date The original title of a translated information resource or a translation of the title may be supplied immediately after the original title eg Kinderhände im washbecken Childrens Hands in Washbasin If the artwork has a popular or traditional title then you may use this eg Mona Lisa For more information about intext citation and referencing multiple authors see Creating a citation and reference list Back to Contents 62 Last reviewed July 2023 Review date Summer 2024 Social Media In the text For an intext citation you would cite the reference as follows Uni of Sheffield Library 2017 celebrated the opening of the The anniversary of the Western Bank Library was marked on social media Uni of Sheffield Library 2017 University of Sheffield Library 2017 marked the first library opening at the university The first library at the University opened in 1909 University of Sheffield Library 2017 In the bibliographyreference list Name of Creator Surname INITIALS or Screen name if proper name not available Year Title of message up to 40 words Medium DayMonth of post Available at URL Accessed date Uni of Sheffield Library 2017 On this day in 1959 our Western Bank Library then called the Main Library was officially opened by TS Eliot httpwwwsheffieldacuklibraryspeciallibcoll Twitter 12 May Available at httpstwittercomUniSheffieldLibstatus862945694457274368 Accessed 15 May 2017 University of Sheffield Library 2017 On this day in 1909 the first library opened at the University of Sheffield Facebook 26 April Available at httpswwwfacebookcomUniSheffieldLibposts1346273698788324 Accessed 15 May 2017 Notes You are not required to ask permission from anyone involved in the postconversation before using them in your work but you may wish to do so as a courtesy You are only required to do so if the conversation occurred in a private context locked Twitter accounts members only forums etc You may need to provide a title for the social media post if there is not one provided Use up to the first 40 words of the post in square brackets as the title It is acceptable to use the main page URL of the social media platform in your reference if the post is not openly accessible to everyone eg use httpswwwfacebookcom as the URL in your reference if you are referring to a discussion between yourself and another member of Facebook that is not open to everyone to view 63 Last reviewed July 2023 Review date Summer 2024 If the post is not accessible to everyone you may include a copy of any discussions between yourself and another member of a social media platform as an appendix to your work For more information about intext citation and referencing multiple authors see Creating a citation and reference list Back to Contents Standards eg British Standards In the text For an intext citation in your work you would cite the reference as follows The British Standards Institution 2017 have produced updated guidelines The use of BS 88882017 British Standards Institution 2017 The ASTM 2012 standard The standard specification forASTM 2012 In the bibliographyreference list Physical item Corporate Author Year of publication Number of Standard Title of Standard Place of publication Publisher ASTM 2012 A53A53M12 Standard specification for pipe steel black and hot dipped zinccoated welded and seamless West Conshohocken PA ASTM International British Standards Institution 2017 BS 88882017 Technical product documentation and specification London British Standards Publications OnlineElectronic Corporate Author Year of publication Number of standard Title of Standard Available at URL Accessed date ASTM 2020 A53A53M20 Standard specification for pipe steel black and hot dipped zinccoated welded and seamless Available at httpswwwastmorgStandardsA53htm Accessed 13 April 2021 British Standards Institution 2019 BS 88882020 Technical product documentation and specification Available at httpsbsolbsigroupcomBibliographicBibliographicInfoData00000000003038474 6 Accessed 13 April 2021 64 Last reviewed July 2023 Review date Summer 2024 Notes For more information about intext citation and referencing multiple authors see Creating a citation and reference list Back to Contents Thesis PhD Print In the text For an intext citation in your work you would cite the reference as follows Wilson 2014 notes that whilst Rage Against the Machine signed with a major record label their music still holds the intended meaning to the audience Popular music is still relevant to society when it makes a political statement even though the artist may be signed to a major record label Wilson 2014 In the bibliographyreference list Author Surname INITIALS Year Title Award and Type of qualification Awarding body Wilson B 2014 It sounds like revolution the changing role of popular music within political resistance movements PhD thesis University of Sheffield Notes For more information about intext citation and referencing multiple authors see Creating a citation and reference list Back to Contents Thesis PhD Electronic In the text For an intext citation in your work you would cite the reference as follows Tomlinson 2009 found that differing amounts of grip Moisture can affect grip when examiningTomlinson 2009 In the bibliographyreference list Author Surname INITIALS Year Title Award and Type of qualification Awarding body Available at URL Accessed date Tomlinson SE 2009 Understanding the friction between human fingers and contacting surfaces PhD thesis University of Sheffield Available at httpetheseswhiteroseacuk150 Accessed 14 October 2015 65 Last reviewed July 2023 Review date Summer 2024 Notes For more information about intext citation and referencing multiple authors see Creating a citation and reference list Back to Contents Translated Item In the text For an intext citation in your work you would cite the reference as follows Tolstoy 2008 explores the story of Anna Karenina Tolstoy 2008 tells the story of Homer 1997 presents the tale The Odyssey Homer 1997 demonstrates Dostoyevsky 2003 shows the dilemmas The character of RaskolnikovDostoyevsky 2003 In the bibliographyreference list Physical item Author Surname Initials Date of publication Title of item Edition if not the first Translated from the language by Translators INITIALS and Surname Place of Publication Publisher Homer 1997 The Odyssey Translated by R Fagles Introduction and notes by B Knox New York Penguin Tolstoy L 2008 Anna Karenina Translated from the Russian by L Maude and A Maude Oxford Oxford University Press If accessed online Many ebooks look the same as a printed book in terms of pagination publisher details etc so the intext citation and reference will be in the same format as a print book you do not need to include details of where you accessed it from online in the reference Cite and reference books in an electronic format as you would for books in print books unless you have downloaded it onto an ereader and the pagination is not available For an ereader eg Kindle If the page numbers of an ebook are not available in the device you are using use the information that is available such as loc chapter or paragraph if you need to identify a particular pagesection for your intext citation The date that you downloaded it onto your electronic device is included at the end of the reference 66 Last reviewed July 2023 Review date Summer 2024 Author Surname Initials Date of publication Title of item Edition if needed Translated from the language by Translators full name Available at URL Downloaded date Dostoyevsky F 2003 Crime and punishment Rev edn Translated from the Russian by David McDuff Available at httpswwwamazoncoukPunishmentPenguin ClassicsFyodorDostoyevskyebookdpB002RI936Urefsr14 Downloaded 30 April 2021 Tolstoy L 2019 Anna Karenina Translated from the Russian by Constance Garnett Available at httpswwwamazoncoukAnnaKareninaAmazonClassicsLeo TolstoyebookdpB07YWRTHMCrefsr14 Downloaded 30 April 2021 Notes The year of publication is for that specific item as there may be different translations of the same item available You may not need to add the language the item is translated from but include the language if appropriate The Downloaded date in the reference is the date that you downloaded the book onto your device For more information about intext citation and referencing multiple authors see Creating a citation and reference list Back to Contents Unpublished item In the bibliographyreference list For an intext citation in your work you would cite the reference as follows Hall 2011 noted that the changes the changes that occurred meantHall 2011 In the bibliographyreference list Author Surname INITIALS or Corporate author Date Title of item Place of holding organisation Holding organisation Unpublished Hall D 2011 Making sense of changes Sheffield University of Sheffield Unpublished Notes For more information about intext citation and referencing multiple authors see Creating a citation and reference list Back to Contents 67 Last reviewed July 2023 Review date Summer 2024 Video Physical Format FilmOne off documentary In the text For an intext citation in your work you would cite the reference as follows Black Swan 2010 used imagery to represent The hidden images contained in the filmBlack Swan 2010 The premise of Captain America The Winter Soldier 2014 The use of green screen in the film Captain America The Winter Soldier 2014 In the bibliographyreference list For a filmdocumentary viewed at the cinema Title of FilmDocumentary Year of distribution Directed by INITIALS Surname Film Place of distribution Distribution Company Captain America The Winter Soldier 2014 Directed by A Russo and J Russo Film New York Marvel Entertainment For a filmdocumentary viewed on DVD or Bluray Title of FilmDocumentary Year of distribution Directed by INITIALS Surname DVD or Bluray Place of distribution Distribution Company Black Swan 2010 Directed by D Aronofsky Bluray Los Angeles Fox Searchlight Pictures TV Episode from a series In the text For an intext citation in your work you would cite the reference as follows The detectives Bulk and McNulty revisit an old crime sceneOld Cases 2002 in the episode Old Cases 2002 The episode uses visions to reveal the eventsThe Door 2016 In The Door 2016 we see the visualisation of In the bibliographyreference list Title of Episode Year of distribution Title of ProgrammeSeries In Title of compilation or boxset DVD or Bluray Place of distribution Distribution company Old Cases 2005 The Wire In The Wire the complete first season DVD New York HBO 68 Last reviewed July 2023 Review date Summer 2024 The Door 2016 Game of Thrones In Game of Thrones the complete sixth season Bluray New York HBO Notes For more information about intext citation and referencing multiple authors see Creating a citation and reference list Back to Contents Video Streaming Service This includes Films and TV Series or Episodes that you have viewed via subscription services such as Netflix Amazon Prime Video Now TV etc and catchup services such as Box of Broadcasts BBC iPlayer All 4 My 5 etc Film In the text For an intext citation in your work you would cite the reference as follows Portrait of a Lady on Fire 2019 is set in 18th century France the film Portrait of a Lady on Fire 2019 was written and directed by An unofficial segregation policy is uncovered in Small Axe Education 2020 the film Small Axe Education 2020 is part of a series directed by The use of mirrors in Atlantics 2019 the film Atlantics 2019 was cowritten and directed by In the bibliographyreference list Title of Film Year of distribution Directed by INITIALS Surname Available at Name of service Accessed date Atlantics 2019 Directed by M Diop Available at Netflix Accessed 25 May 2021 Portrait of a Lady on Fire 2019 Directed by C Sciamma Available at MUBI Accessed 15 April 2020 Small Axe Education 2020 Directed by S McQueen Available at Box of Broadcasts Accessed 25 May 2021 Current Affairs Programme In the text For an intext citation in your work you would cite the reference as follows The BBC News at Six 2021 covered the story When this news story was first reported BBC News at Six 2021 69 Last reviewed July 2023 Review date Summer 2024 The Year Britain Stopped 2021 chronicles Frontline workers and scientists tell their storiesThe Year Britain Stopped 2021 In the bibliographyreference list Title of Programme Year of original broadcast Name of Channel DayMonth Time of broadcast Available at Name of Streaming Service Accessed date BBC News at Six 2021 BBC One 20 May 1800 Available at BBC iPlayer Accessed 21 May 2021 The Year Britain Stopped 2021 Channel 4 24 May 2100 Available at All 4 Accessed 27 May 2021 TV Episode from a series In the text For an intext citation in your work you would cite the reference as follows The first episode of Stranger Things The Vanishing of Will Byers 2016 uses aspects of The monster makes a first appearanceThe Vanishing of Will Byers 2016 In the episode Coopers Dream 1990 the stage is set for Agent Cooper visits the Log Lady Coopers Dream 1990 which represents In the bibliographyreference list Title of Episode Year of original broadcastrelease Title of SeriesSeason SeriesSeason and episode numbers OR daymonth if available Production Company Available at Name of streaming service Accessed date Coopers Dream 1990 Twin Peaks Season 1 episode 6 Propaganda Films Available at NowTV Accessed 29 December 2016 The Vanishing of Will Byers 2016 Stranger Things Season 1 episode 1 21 Laps Entertainment Available at Netflix Accessed 29 December 2016 Notes For more information about intext citation and referencing multiple authors see Creating a citation and reference list Back to Contents Video Sharing Website eg YouTube This includes sharing platforms such as YouTube Vimeo IGTV TED etc In the text For an intext citation in your work you would cite the reference as follows 70 Last reviewed July 2023 Review date Summer 2024 YouTube Movies 2016 have Doctor Strange YouTube Movies 2016 shows the The University of Sheffield 2019 have created Campus Tour The University of Sheffield 2019 takes a tour of the campus Climate and data scientist Angel Hsu 2020 gave a TED Talk In Cities are driving climate change Heres how they can fix it Hsu 2020 347 she observes the disparities In the bibliographyreference list Name of PersonOrganisation posting video Year video posted Title of Film DayMonth uploaded if available Available at URL Accessed date or doi Hsu A 2020 Cities are driving climate change Heres how they can fix it October Available at httpswwwtedcomtalksangelhsucitiesaredrivingclimatechangeheresh owtheycanfixit Accessed 27 May 2021 The University of Sheffield 2019 Campus Tour 5 June Available at httpswwwinstagramcomtvByVQviAhJ9i Accessed 27 May 2021 YouTube Movies 2016 Doctor Strange 24 February Available at httpsyoutubebLaKpGUsMmU Accessed 27 May 2021 Notes For a TED Talk use the name of the speaker in the video as the Name of PersonOrganisation in your reference and intext citation If you need to refer to a specific place within a video include the time stamp in your intext citation in the format minutesseconds eg YouTube Movies 2016 1833 For more information about intext citation and referencing multiple authors see Creating a citation and reference list Back to Contents Web page Only reference a source as a web page if the source does not fall into another category such as journal article conference proceedings report blog image etc Web page with an individual author In the text For an intext citation in your work you would cite the reference as follows 71 Last reviewed July 2023 Review date Summer 2024 In Michael Rosens biography 2021 He began writing poetry at the age of twelveRosen 2021 In the bibliographyreference list Author Surname INITIALS Year site was publishedlast updated Title of web page Available at URL Accessed date Rosen M 2021 Michael Rosen Biography Available at httpswwwmichaelrosencoukforadultsbiography Accessed 26 April 2021 Web page with a group or organisation as author In the text For an intext citation in your work you would cite the reference as follows The NHS 2019 lists the main symptoms The causes of diabetesNHS 2019 In the bibliographyreference list Group or Corporate author Year site was publishedlast updated Title of web page Available at URL Accessed date NHS 2019 Diabetes Available at httpswwwnhsukconditionsdiabetes Accessed 26 April 2021 Web page with no author In the text For an intext citation in your work you would cite the reference as follows The Grey to Green Sheffield project 2016 has had national recognition A sustainable drainage system was usedGrey to Green Sheffield 2016 In the bibliographyreference list Title of web page Year site was publishedlast updated Available at URL Accessed date Grey to Green Sheffield 2016 Available at httpwwwgreytogreenorgukindexhtml Accessed 26 April 2021 Notes If a web page has no author use the title of the page in italics in place of the author for both the intext citation and the reference If the Corporate Author is well known by an abbreviation for the first time you cite the resource write out the name in full followed by the abbreviation in round brackets then use just the abbreviation for second and further citations eg for the first citation use National Institute for Health and Care Excellence NICE 2016 or 72 Last reviewed July 2023 Review date Summer 2024 National Institute for Health and Care Excellence NICE 2016 The second and further citations would then read NICE 2016 or NICE 2016 You can then use the abbreviation in your reference list rather than writing out the name in full If you cannot find the date that the web page was published or last updated use no date For more information about intext citation and referencing multiple authors see Creating a citation and reference list Back to Contents Website If you are not citing specific information or a specific page from a website you do not need to create an intext citation or a reference for it When mentioning a website within your text provide the name of the website followed by the URL in parentheses eg Participants were surveyed using SurveyMonkey httpswwwsurveymonkeycouk Notes For more information about intext citation and referencing multiple authors see Creating a citation and reference list Back to Contents 73 Last reviewed July 2023 Review date Summer 2024 Summary You have reached the end of this resource Why not look at some of our other Research Skills and Critical Thinking resources Book onto a workshop or take an online tutorial Research Skills and Critical Thinking workshops and online tutorials Visit our FAQs Library FAQs Get in touch librarysheffieldacuk Back to Contents Full URLs Harvard referencing guide httpswwwlibrarydevelopmentgroupshefacukreferencingharvardhtml Cite Them Right 2016 10th revand expanded edition httpsfindshefacukpermalinkf1lephdb44SFDALMADS21250961330001441 Romanisation of East Asian Languages httpswwwsheffieldacukseascurrentstudentsassessedworkromanization DOIs and URLs httpsapastyleapaorgstylegrammarguidelinesreferencesdoisurls Referencing Code 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