Physics Of Sound - Parte 1

RICHARD E. BERG · DAVID G. STORK\n\nTHE PHYSICS OF SOUND\n\nTHIRD EDITION The Physics of Sound\n\nThird Edition\n\nRichard E. Berg\nUniversity of Maryland\n\nDavid G. Stork\nRicoh Innovations, Inc.\nStanford University\n\nPEARSON\nAddison-Wesley\n\nSan Francisco Boston New York\nCape Town Hong Kong London Madrid Mexico City\nMontreal Munich Paris Singapore Sydney Tokyo Toronto Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data\n\nBerg, Richard E.\nThe physics of sound / Richard E. Berg, David G. Stork.--3rd ed.\n\np. cm.\n\nIncludes index.\n\nISBN 0-13-147894-9\n\n1. Sound. 2. Music--Acoustics and physics. I. Stork, David G. II. Title.\n\nQC251.15.B47 2006\n534--dc22\n\n2004087670\n\nSenior Editor: Erik Fairbairn\nEditor in Chief: Steven Chastain\nAssociate Editor: Christian Booth\nEditorial Assistant: Andrew Sobel\nVice President EMS Production and Manufacturing: David W. 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To Lynne and to Nancy Contents\n\nAbout the Authors xiii\nPreface xv\nAcknowledgments xvi\n\nChapter 1 Simple Harmonic Motion and Applications 1\n1.1 Fundamental Definitions 1\n1.2 Simple Harmonic Motion 4\n1.3 Application to Sound 8\n1.4 Damped and Driven Oscillations 11\n1.5 Combinations of Simple Harmonic Oscillations 14\n Summary 18\n Questions 18\n Problems 21\n References 21\n\nChapter 2 Waves and Sound 23\n2.1 Transverse and Longitudinal Waves 23\n2.2 Fundamental Properties of Waves 29\n2.3 General Behavior of Waves 34\n2.4 Addition of Waves 47\n2.5 Beats 50\n2.6 The Doppler Effect 51\n2.7 Shock Waves and Sonic Booms 58\n2.8 Ultrasonics 59\n2.9 Infrasonics 63\n Summary 64\n Questions 65\n Problems 66\n References 67\n\nvii Chapter 6 The Human Ear and Voice 145 6.1 Peripheral Auditory System 145 6.2 Place Theory of Hearing 148 6.3 Amplitude Response of the Ear 151 6.4 Logarithms and Sound-Intensity Scales 153 6.5 Periodicity Pitch and Fundamental Tracking 156 6.6 Aural Harmonics and Combination Tones 157 6.7 Ohm's Law of Hearing 159 6.8 Masking 160 6.9 Binaural Effects 161 6.10 Hearing Loss 163 6.11 Cochlear Implants 165 6.12 Anatomy of the Vocal Tract 166 6.13 Vocal Formants 167 6.14 Analysis of Vocal Sounds 171 Summary 177 Questions 178 Problems 180 References 180 Chapter 7 Sound Recording and Reproduction 182 7.1 Electrical Circuits and Ohm's Law 182 7.2 Reproduction and Amplification Systems 185 7.3 Microphones 188 7.4 Loudspeakers 191 7.5 Preamplifiers 196 7.6 Power Amplifiers 198 7.7 AM-FM Tuners 198 7.8 Tape Recorders 199 7.9 Digital Sound Reproduction and the Compact Disc 202 Summary 212 Questions 213 Problems 214 References 215 Chapter 8 Room and Auditorium Acoustics 216 8.1 Criteria in Acoustical Design 216 8.2 Problems in Acoustical Design 221 8.3 Control of Reverberation Time 225 8.4 Design of Auditoriums 227 8.5 Home Listening Rooms 231 Summary 233 Questions 234 Problems 235 References 236 Chapter 13 The Piano 335\n13.1 History of the Piano 335\n13.2 Construction and Action of the Piano 338\n13.3 Piano Strings and Sound Production 341\n13.4 Recent Innovations for the Piano 345\nSummary 348\nQuestions 348\nProblems 349\nReferences 350\n\nChapter 14 Percussion Instruments 351\n14.1 Bar Instruments 351\n14.2 Chimes and Triangles 356\n14.3 Membranophones 357\n14.4 Gongs, Tam-Tams, Cymbals, and Bells 362\nSummary 363\nQuestions 364\nProblems 366\nReferences 366\n\nAppendix A Elementary Music Theory 367\nAppendix B Terms and Units 371\nAppendix C Prefixes with Common Units 372\nGlossary 373\nIndex 386