Literatura de Lingua Inglesa V UFS CESAD - Livro Completo

Literatura de Língua Inglesa V São CristóvãoSE 2018 Luiz Eduardo Oliveira José Augusto Batista dos Santos Projeto Gráfico e Capa Hermeson Alves de Menezes Diagramação Neverton Correia da Silva Elaboração de Conteúdo Luiz Eduardo Oliveira José Augusto Batista dos Santos N393e Negromonte Fátima Bezerra Estágio Supervisionado em Ensino de Letras Fátima Bezerra Negromonte São Cristóvão Universidade Federal de Sergipe CESAD 2011 1 Letras 2 Estágio Supervisionado ITítulo CDU 80137046 Copyright 2011 Universidade Federal de Sergipe CESAD Nenhuma parte deste material poderá ser reproduzida transmitida e gravada por qualquer meio eletrônico mecânico por fotocópia e outros sem a prévia autorização por escrito da UFS Ficha catalográfica produzida pela Biblioteca Central Universidade Federal de Sergipe Literatura de Língua Inglesa V Presidente da República Michel Temer Ministro da Educação José Mendonça Bezerra Filho Secretário de Educação a Distância João Carlos Teatini Souza Clímaco Reitor Angelo Roberto Antoniolli ViceReitor Iara Maria Campelo Lima Chefe de Gabinete Marcionilo de Melo Lopes Neto Coordenador Geral da UABUFS Diretor do CESAD Antônio Ponciano Bezerra Vicecoordenador da UABUFS Vicediretor do CESAD Fábio Alves dos Santos Diretoria Pedagógica Clotildes Farias de Sousa Diretora Diretoria Administrativa e Financeira Pedro Henrique Dantas Dias Coordenação de PósGraduação Fábio Alves dos Santos Coordenação de Formação Continuada Rosemeire Marcedo Costa Coordenação de Avaliação Hérica dos Santos Matos Coordenação de Tecnologia da Informação Hermeson Menezes Assessoria de Comunicação Guilherme Borba Gouy Coordenadores de Curso Denis Menezes Letras Português Eduardo Farias Administração Elaine Cristina N L de Lima Química Evilson da Silva Vieira Matemática Hélio Mario Araújo Geografia Lourival Santana História Marcia Regina Pereira Attie Física Yana Teixeira Dos Reis Ciências Biológicas Maria Augusta Rocha Porto Letras Inglês Valéria Jane S Loureiro Letras Espanhol Everaldo Vanderlei de Oliveira Filosofia Coordenadores de Tutoria Mônica Maria Soares Rosado Letras Português Ayslan Jorge Santos da Araujo Administração Viviane Costa Felicíssimo Química Danielle de Carvalho Soares Matemática Givaldo dos Santo Bezerra Geografia Carolina Nunes Goes História Frederico Guilherme de Carvalho Cunha Física Luzia Cristina de M S Galvão Ciências Biológicas Gisela Reis de Gois Letras Inglês Antonielle Menezes Souza Letras Espanhol Arthur Eduardo Grupillo Chagas Filosofia UnIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE SERGIpE Cidade Universitária Prof José Aloísio de Campos Av Marechal Rondon sn Jardim Rosa Elze CEP 49100000 São Cristóvão SE Fone79 2105 6600 Fax79 2105 6474 nÚCLEO DE MATERIAL DIDáTICO Hermeson Menezes Coordenador Marcio Roberto de Oliveira Mendoça Neverton Correia da Silva ORGANIC FOOD ORGANIC FOOD Sumário AULA 1 Literary theory and Cultural Studies 07 AULA 2 Introduction to Gender Studies 25 AULA 3 JAMES BALDWIN his life and work 37 AULA 4 THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT 51 AULA 5 WHAT IS BLACK IN BLACK POPULAR CULTURE a text by Stuart Hall 73 AULA 6 Judith Butler83 AULA 7 Queer Theory 95 AULA 8 GAY MOVIES 18951969 107 AULA 9 A cultura pop como objeto de pesquisa 123 AULA 10 Cultura Rock e Identidade no Brasil 1982 1988 133 to HEALTHY FAT BODYS ENERGY and MOISTURIZE PROTECT SKIN VITAMIN E OLIVE OIL AVOCADO OIL SUGAR HONEY ADEQUATE INTAKE INCREASED HEALTH DEFENSES LITERARy ThEORy AnD CULTURAL STUDIES META Explain the process of institutionalization of Cultural Studies as an academic field and its implications in literary studies OBJETIVO To present the main tendencies of Cultural Studies and to relate them to the literary studies especially with literary theory pRERREQUISITO Notions about the historicity of the concept of literature Notions of the process of formation and institutionalization of Literary History and literary theory as disciplines that have in Literature its object of study Notions of the relationship between Literary History and literature teaching Aula 1 Luiz Eduardo Oliveira José Augusto Batista dos Santos 8 Literatura de Língua Inglesa V Introdução The relation between the literary theory and Cultural Studies is much closer than one might think The academic and commercial success of Cultural Studies in editorial as well as cinematographic terms and of varied scientific or cultural events made it possible for this recently established field of study to achieve relevant media exposure due to the political en gagement of the academic projects undertaken by its main leading figures the founding fathers at least in its early years of existence On the other hand the attention dispensed by professors of literature during the 1990s towards objects of study that were not always strictly lit erary ie advertisement manifestations of popular or mass cultures and the treatment of the literary text as a cultural practice among others were not well received by those of a more traditional or conservative stance to whom such innovations posed a threat to both the integrity and autonomy of literary studies in general and the literary theory in particular as an academic discipline Returning to our initial assertion of the first paragraph of this intro duction a relation between the literary theory and Cultural Studies can be verified by two very significant facts 1 The academic affiliation of the two central figures from whose works came out the new discipline Raymond Williams 19211988 and Richard Hoggart 1918 2014 has its origins in the literary studies 2 The primary motivation for Cultural Studies in England was to advance a critique of English ie the teaching of English Literature as it was carried out in the interwar universities under the supervision of critic and professor Frank Raymond Leavis 18951978 one of the most committed defenders of new criticism and the concept of close reading an analytical and structuralist reading of the literary text However one cannot say that Cultural Studies is an academic discipline which came to replace literary theory in the field of literary studies as it has been suggested by the adoption of Cultural Studies as a research object by many postgraduation courses including in Brazil initially interested in Literature Such a shift occurred sometimes because of a change in theo retical perspective and at other times by mere academic fad Furthermore one cannot restrain the interdisciplinary dialogue 1 between Cultural Studies and literary theory since the limits of the former as a fledgling academic discipline are hard to delineate even by its founding fathers Stuart Hall 19322014 for example affirms that Cultural Studies can be taken as an intellectual space of convergence between displaced academic traditions such as Sociology Anthropology and Literary Criticism HALL 2004 21 Cevasco 2003 p 73 in turn says that Cultural Studies as an interdisciplinary project situates itself in the amalgam of four disciplines Ver glossário no final da Aula 9 Literary theory and Cultural Studies Aula 1 Communication History Sociology and most importantly English ie English Literature From English according to the aforementioned author the new dis cipline inherited the interest in the text and textuality including popular forms of culture It also superseded the LanguageLiterature paradigm that used to characterize it From this new perspective the concept of Literature was reconsidered culminating in the expansion of the canon list which made room for female black and homosexual writers As for History the emphasis rested upon the school of Edward P Thompson 19241993 that is the history from below based on oral history and popular memory From media came the interest in studying the relations between mass media and society and lastly from Sociology the newly founded discipline drew inspiration to study ethnography and the subcultures It is worth observing that such theoretical debts of Cultural Studies are not restricted to the founding fathers or the abovementioned disciplines for they encompass intellectuals such as Antonio Gramsci 18911937 Louis Althusser 19181990 and Michel Foucault 19261984 among others not to mention some disputes over institutional territory as well as study objects which present themselves as less of an epistemological debate than a political clash Let us see how it all started the constItutIon of englIsh lIterature as an academIc dIscIplIne The process of institutionalization of English Literature as an academic discipline in England is very clarifying as to the constitution of literary theory as a hegemonic discipline in the field of literary studies and the ideological character it assumed in certain historical moments According to Eagleton 1983 the English Literature as a liberal and humanizing ac tivity could be used in the end of the 19th century as a powerful antidote to religious fanaticism and ideological extremism since by addressing universal human values not historical trivialities such as civil wars the oppression inflicted upon women and the exploitation of the working classes it could make people forget about such issues and replace them with the contemplation of elevated truths and eternal beauties In this re spect it could be compared to a new form of religion for it would reach the people without the trouble of teaching them the classics since English Literature was written in their mother tongue Like religion literature works primarily by emotion and experience and so was admirable wellfitted to carry through the ideological task which religion left off Indeed by our own time literature has become effectively identical with the opposite of analytical thought and conceptual enquiry 10 Literatura de Língua Inglesa V whereas scientists philosophers and political theorists are saddled with drably discursive pursuits students of literature occupy the more prized territory of feeling and experience EAGLETON 1983 p 2829 Therefore it was by no accident that institutionalization of English as a discipline took place at first outside the walls of the universities in voca tional courses and institutes designed for the popular classes Its ascension progressed along with the timid admittance of women into higher educa tion institutions and the slow access by male individuals from the working classes to what became known as the poor mans classic education In the beginning of the 20th century the new discipline took on a clearly political function since with the advent of World War I when the hegemony of the British capitalism was threatened by the United States and Germany it started to serve a project of reconstruction of Britains national identity by promoting authors such as William Shakespeare 1564 1616 and John Milton 16081674 as the main representatives of a utopian organic and egalitarian tradition of the English society On the other hand this political function worked as a justification for the adoption of English into the two main universities of England Oxford and Cambridge The main proponents of the discipline as the already mentioned FR Leavis and I A Richards 18931979 descended from the petty provincial bougeoisie about whom they wrote in their studies and articles published in the journal scrutiny 2 to turn English into a respectable discipline by attempting to do away with its image of the poor mans classic education ie a subject matter intended solely for women working class students and third world countries The strategies employed by the Scrutiny consisted of practical criticism and close reading The former rejected all elements that were external to the literary text since the reader by virtue of the structure of the work would be able to judge its greatness without having to take into consideration its ideas and historical context The latter in turn insisted on the internal structure of the work that is the words on the page without taking into consideration the contexts within which it was produced In this sense it fostered the illusion that any piece of literary speech could be understood in isolation As Eagleton 1983 puts it it was a rectification of the literary work studied as an object in itself Such understanding would triumph with the ascension of New Criticism Like Scrutiny in other words New Criticism was the ideology of an uprooted defensive intelligentsia who reinvented in literature what they could not locate in reality Poetry was the new religion a nostalgic haven from the alienations of industrial capitalism The poem itself was as opaque to rational enquiry as the Almighty himself it existed as a selfenclosed object mysteriously intact in its own unique being EAGLETON 1983 p 51 Ver glossário no final da Aula 11 Literary theory and Cultural Studies Aula 1 F R Leaviscritic and professor of English of great acclaim He founded along with his wife QD Leavis the journal Scrutiny and was re sponsible for consolidating the English language as an academic discipline in the University of Cambridge Ivor Armstrong Richards February 26th1893 SandbachCheshire September 1979 Cambridge was anEnglish influential literary critic and rhetoretitian His works especially The Meaning of Meaning Principles of Literary Criticism Practical Criticism and The Philosophy of Rhetoric the latter is among the founding documents of New Criticism whose majority of its eminent mem bers were students of Richards Since New Criticism at least in English speaking countries is frequently taken as the beginning of modern literary criticism Richards is one of the founders of the contemporary study of literature in English The new critics in breaking away from the notion of Literature based on great men typical of a biographical tradition of Literary History insisted that the authors intentions were not relevant for the interpretation of his texts and that the readers emotional responses should not be mistaken for the meaning of a poem for the latter is public and objective since it was inscribed on the very language of the literary text Thus New Criticism according to its basic assumptions defended both by the English from the Scrutiny and the American theoreticians was grounded on irrationalist criticism associated on the one hand to a sort of religious dogma and on the other a rightwing policy for the irrelevance conferred upon the historical conditions of the work made literary scholars consciously or unconsciously ignore various pressing social issues of their day such as the exploitation of the working classes and the oppression of women not to mention the plight of black immigrants from British former colonies As we can notice the establishment of English Literature as an academic discipline at the same time that it functioned as an ideological weapon ascending to power at the expense of a war nationalism under the patronage of an English governing class whose sense of identity had been shaken it also represented a consecration of the scientific character of a knowledge once considered inferior since it had been intended for the 12 Literatura de Língua Inglesa V lowly classes due to their economic situation ethnicity and gender and now was being elevated to an academic status thanks to the development of the literary theory which provided the necessary theoretical bases for its adoption into the curricula of Cambridge and Oxford universities the foundIng fathers of cultural studIes As it occurs with the constitution process of any academic discipline there is always much controversy as to the personages and circumstances from which the discipline was constituted and that contributed for its in stitutionalization in university curricula The case of Cultural Studies is no exception According to Culler 1999 the emergence of Cultural Studies is related to a double origin a French one and an English one The French source would be the structuralism of the 1960s which treated culture as a series of practices whose rules or conventions should be described In this respect a pioneering work can be found in Mythologies 1957 by Roland Barthes 19151980 in which the author undertakes a brief reading of various cultural activities from wrestling to advertisements for automobiles and detergents For Barthes it was necessary to demystify the idea that culture is something natural and to insist on the fact that every cultural practice is historically constituted The English source in his view would be related to the Marxist Literary Theory of British origin represented by the works of Raymond Williams especially in his 1957 book Culture and Society and that by Richard Hoggart 19182014 which sought to rescue and explore workingclass popular culture in The Uses of Literacy Stuart Hall on the other hand although recognizing certain theoreti cal debts to some French intellectuals affirms that the origins of Cultural Studies can be traced back to three books The Making of the English Work ing Class by E P Thompson and the other two by Williams and Hoggart already mentioned Regardless of the possible academic field dispute that permeates such a discussion even because the constitution of an academic discipline takes place in a much more complex way than merely by works or authors that somehow provided the basic elements for the new discipline the constitution of Cultural Studies involved various social agents and institutions not always visible in historical panoramas or in the memoirs written by their own founding fathers In this lesson we will briefly outline the main names that relate to the formation of Cultural Studies especially those which being in England at the time of its constitution had a more evident participation in this process richard hoggart 19182014 began his academic career in an extra mural department of the University of Hull working for five years with 13 Literary theory and Cultural Studies Aula 1 Williams and Thompson for a leftwing organization dedicated to worker education the Workers Educational Association WEA According to Cevasco 2003 62 night schools for workers were a tra dition already established in England even before World War II reaching a time of expansion in the 1950s when WEA had ninety thousand students enrolled It is very probable that his experience as a teacher along with his political militancy which can be seen in his participation in the Italian campaign served as the basis for the production of his most important work The Uses of Literacy 1957 by which he became one of the Founding Fathers of Cultural Studies despite his various articles on popular culture and education in Britain Initially influenced like Williams by Leavis and the Scrutiny Hoggart among the founding fathers was the only one not to have maintained a privileged theoretical dialogue with Marxism his political commitments being considered liberal by Mattelart and Neveu 2004 In this way he claims a humanist affiliation inscribed on the studies of Literature and Civilization although he has contributed to its redefinition rejecting its elitist tradition In his analysis of The Uses of Literacy his distrust of the industrialization of culture makes his approach to popular cultural practices anchor itself in this belief which is why the problematic distinction between mass culture imposed to the people and popular culture cultural expression of the people appears in his work In The Uses of Literacy the central object is the impact of mass culture on the cultural traditions of the working class which would be destroyed by the poor quality of the new manifestations For Cevasco 2003 21 his attention to the procedures of the popular press the cinema and the customs of everyday life makes his book one of the first examples of the kind of research that would become the hallmark of Cultural Studies In 1964 Hoggart founded the Center for Contemporary Cultural Studies of the Department of English at the University of Birmingham which he directed until 1968 The CCCS Center for Contemporary Cultural Studies was the first institutional space of Cultural Studies as an academic discipline From Birmingham came the first teachers and students of the new discipline which was gradually instituted in universities in several countries including Brazil 14 Literatura de Língua Inglesa V For many the central figure of Cultural Studies Raymond Williams 19211988 is the author of Culture and Society published in 1958 a sort of genealogy of the concept of culture in industrial society from the romantic to George Orwell 19031950 including authors such as Leavis and TS Eliot 18881965 According to Mattelart and Neveu 2004 4647 their concept of structures of feeling which establishes the relation between the notions practices and cultural forms and the systems of perception and sensitivity that express and crystallize was elaborated in dialogue with the works of Lucien Goldmann 19131970 The problem outlined in Culture and Society unfolds in The Long Revolution 1961 a work that emphasizes the role of education and communication systems in the dynamics of social change contributing to the construction of a democratic reform program of cultural institutions Williams the son of a railroad worker from a Welsh village Llanfihan gel Crucorney studied at Trinity College Cambridge where he joined the British Communist Party earning his masters degree in 1946 After teach ing for the aforementioned adult education program WEA he became a professor of dramaturgy at Cambridge University where he had been a student and disciple of Leavis Retired only in 1983 he had a long academic career writing several articles theoretical books and a novel For Cevasco 2003 109 amid the effervescence of importing French Italian and German ideas mainly through the intellectuals of the Frankfurt School the only original British theoretical position took shape in the work of Raymond Williams Drawing on a British tradition of thinking about the quality of life of a society through a discussion of culture Williams in his first major work Culture and Society criticizes this abstract and abso lute view of culture disconnected from the social context that produces it thus establishing the theoretical instruments of what is conventionally termed cultural materialism which can be described as an attempt to take to ultimate consequences the legacy of Karl Marx 18181883 as to the thinking of culture as a material activity of a society In addition to a major theorist Williams was a tireless political activist engaging in discussions about democratic media control in a socialist pro As one of the founding fathers of Cultural Studies Richard Hoggart published The Uses of Literacy his bestknown book in 1957 and was Professor of Modern English Literature at the University of Birmingham in England where he founded in 1964 the Center for Contemporary Cultural Stud ies of which he was director until 1968 15 Literary theory and Cultural Studies Aula 1 gram He has always been attentive and critical of the process of consolida tion and development of Cultural Studies stating at a conference held in 1986 at NorthEast London Polytechnic that Cultural Studies ie the change of perspective in the teaching of Arts and Literature and its relationship with History and the Contemporary Society did not arise from his 1958 book but from Adult Education WEA apud CEVASCO 2003 61 Edward Palmer Thompson 19241993 during World War II also engaged in the struggle against the fascist government of Benito Mussolini 18831945 studied at Cambridge Corpus Christi College and joined the British Communist Party forming in 1946 a group of historical Marxist studies with intellectuals like Eric Hobsbawn 1917 2012 among others He lectured at the University of Leeds for the WEA and was a professor at Warwick University from 1965 to 1971 giving sporadic courses at American universities He served as an antinuclear pacifist in the 1980s and from 1988 until the end of his life he taught at the University of Manchester Kingston University Canada and at Rutgers University Like Williams and Hall Thompson was a member of the New Left Review founded in 1960 in response to the 1956 crisis marked by a break in faith in the Soviet Union the revelations that Soviet Minister Nikita Khrushchev 18941971 made at the 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union on Stalinist atrocities and the invasion of Hun gary and the disintegration of the British Communist Party CEVASCO 2003 8283 In his own words his main concern throughout his career was to ad dress what he considered a silence in Marx a silence in the domain of what anthropologists call the value system A silence regarding cultural and moral mediations apud MTTELART and NEVEU 2004 46 According to the authors cited above Thompsons work can be de scribed as the option for a history centered on the life and enduring prac tices of the popular classes His best known work The Making of the English Working Class 1963 is now a classic of Marxist historiography Raymond Williams was an academic critic and Welsh novelist His writings on politics culture literature and mass culture reflected his Marxist thinking He was an influential figure within the New Left and cultural theory in general More than 750000 copies of his books were sold only in the UK 16 Literatura de Língua Inglesa V Although only eight years younger than Thompson the Jamaican intellectual Stuart Hall 1932 2014 belongs to a generation that did not participate in World War II In spite of his outstanding political militancy he was the first editor of the New Left Review his scholarly production only came to prominence in the 1970s when he went on to direct CCCS at Birminham University He left Jamaica in 1951 and studied Letters at the University of Oxford where he became involved with nationalist militants of colonized nations and the Marxist left without joining the Communist Party In 1957 he took up a teaching post at a secondary school in Brixton a London borough and in 1961 he lectured on media and film at the University of London According to Mattelart and Neveu 2004 59 Hall is not the author of reference books unlike the other found ing fathers but of a large number of articles playing a scientific entrepreneur role in Birminham A scholar of various manifestations of popular culture from the gossip of the press to the rastafarian 4 and punk 5 movement Hall is concerned with the systematization of the theory within Cultural Studies involv ing a range that goes from the legacies of Marxism to the theoretical loans from postmodernism or deconstruction In 1979 Hall joined the Open University Universidade Aberta ou a distância Edward Palmer Thompson February 3 1924 Oxford August 28 1993 Worcester was a British historian of the theoretical Marxist conception and is considered by many to be the best English historian of the twentieth century During World War II he fought in Italy against the fascist government led by Benito Mussolini He studied at the Corpus Christi College Cambridge where he joined the British Communist Party In 1946 he formed a group of Marxist historical studies along with Christopher Hill Eric Hobsbawm Rodney Hilton Dona Torr among others Stuart Hall 1932 2014 was a cultural theorist who worked in the United Kingdom He contributed key works for the study of culture and the media as well as for political debate He replaced Hoggart in 1968 in the direction of the Center for Contemporary Cultural Studies at the University of Birming ham and like Thompson and Williams was one of the founders of the New Left Review of the New Left Ver glossário no final da Aula 17 Literary theory and Cultural Studies Aula 1 Expansion and crisis of Cultural Studies Fifty years after the publication of Hoggarts book the academic and editorial success of Cultural Studies was astounding In 2002 for example an Internet search engine registered more than two million five hundred thousand different references from such an expression MATTELART and NEVEU 2004 127 Its scientific visibility however both in the English speaking world and in other countries coincides with the circulation from 1972 onwards of the working papers mimeographed articles forming a kind of handmade magazine texts that were later compiled in books and make up the best of the CCCS teams production Much of the production of this time deals with young subcultures rastas mods skinheads rockers etc Emphasis was placed on how under structural pressure young people develop selection tactics in their identitary potential Also in the late 1970s the 1978 Womens Take Issue was launched by the CCCS Womens Studies Group According to Mattelart and Neveu 2004 p 69 the valuation of gender studies owes a lot to the empirical work that shows the differences in consumption and appreciation between men and women concerning television or cultural goods With the 1982 compila tion The Empire Strikes Back attention turned to the racism issues raised by the situation of immigrant communities in large cities The question of reception in the media the problem of disintegration and pluralization of identities the inheritance and crisis of theoretical Marxism in the stud ies of the CCCS in short the whole trajectory of Cultural Studies points to two paths If on the one hand the rapid pace of publications and the emergence of new departments on both sides of the Atlantic indicate the internationalization of the discipline on the other hand the ease with which such novelties are adopted can be interpreted as the loss of the contesta tory identity of the discipline as well as its theoretical and academic rigor Commenting on this situation Cevasco 2003 155156 writes With this expansion comes the benefits of a more numerous production which ensures the continuity of the conversation of cultural studies However this conversation as Williams taught bears the mark of his time It is a time when commodification haunts all efforts even those who want to make opposition such as cultural studies The marks of time in the case of Cultural Studies is the loss of the link between theoretical work and political work that is the departure from the discipline of its Marxist foundation of cultural materialism as Williams one of its founding fathers According to the author mentioned above in Brazil the official date of the institutional recognition of Cultural Studies is 1998 the year in which the Brazilian Association of Comparative Litera ture ABRALIC chose for its biennial congress the theme Comparative 18 Literatura de Língua Inglesa V Literature Cultural Studies However already in 1997 the ABRAPUI Brazilian Association of University Teachers of English in a SENAPULLI National Seminar of University Professors of English Language Litera ture held in Atibaia São Paulo had as its theme the relationship between Literature and Cultural Studies Its popularization in Brazilian academic circles can be seen by the number of postgraduate programs which previ ously focused on literary studies and nowadays dedicated themselves to Cultural Studies On the other hand when the degree of commodification of life causes cultural diversity to mean only the plurality of the supply of products and services in a globalized market the failure of the political mobilizations against globalization ended up affecting the work of the researchers pre senting them with new paths and new possibilities for articulation between theoretical work and a social commitment Mattelart and Neveu 2004 198 present three suggestions for the renovation of Cultural Studies 1 to restore its link with the cultural materialism explored by Thompson and Williams 2 to break away from all postacademicisms accepting the challenges of breaking with theoretical models and routinized objects 3 To open up to new lines and disciplinary boundaries that the evolution of the world and the academic territories provide It remains to be seen how this crisis of Cultural Studies affects literary studies conclusIon As we have seen the Cultural Studies project is to understand the functioning of culture especially in the modern world that is how cultural practices and manifestations are produced and how cultural identities are constructed and organized for individuals and groups in a world of het erogeneous communities state power media industry and multinational corporations Thus Cultural Studies includes and encompasses literary studies as they analyze Literature as a cultural practice among others From this statement comes a fundamental problem to what extent do literary studies gain or lose with the arrival of Cultural Studies To a certain extent Cultural Studies appeared as an application of literary analysis techniques from literary theory to other cultural materials treating the most varied cultural manifestations as texts to be read and interpreted In this perspective literary studies are gaining since by studying Literature as a significant practice among others and examining the cultural roles with which Literature has been invested in the course of history the new discipline can intensify the study of literary works as an intertextual 6 and complex phenomenon According to Culler 1999 the relations between literary studies and Cultural Studies can be grouped into two topics 1 the question of literary Ver glossário no final da Aula 19 Literary theory and Cultural Studies Aula 1 canons 2 the appropriate methods for the analysis of cultural objects As for the first question while Cultural Studies can amplify the Western canon which is markedly European white and sexist including authors and authors of postcolonial countries on the other hand it can popularize analyses and encourage the study of movies TV soap operas and other products of mass culture to the detriment of literary works Before criticizing or deconstructing the canon you must know it With regards to the second question there is always a great risk in discarding some methods which although outdated in some respects represent an academic rigor characteristic of literary theory especially in its formalist version in the name of a freedom of approach which very often are only contentcentered in the worst sense of the term It is not uncommon for example to see scientific papers that by analyzing literary texts with the supposed paradigm of Cultural Studies which at this point covers almost everything that lies between heaven and earth present them only as social symptoms of issues of gender ethnicity or identity without any analytical work on how such representations are constructed or how such effects are produced We should not close ourselves to the novelties that emerge every day in the academic world yet we should not receive them passively or uncritically There are many contributions of Cultural Studies to literary studies just as the theoretical instrumentalities provided by literary theory for cultural criticism are very consistent If literary studies should not close itself in a discipline that has already shown its lag in relation to contemporary cultural manifestations Cultural Studies cannot ignore its theoretical presupposi tions otherwise it will fall into academic discredit because of the irrelevance of the results of its research In this lesson you learned a little about the contemporary debate of literary studies The Theory of Literature which reached its academic heyday in the 1940s with the editorial success of the Wellek and Warren manual remained hegemonic as a discipline of literary studies until the late 1980s when it began to be questioned by new theoretical perspectives and especially the boom of Cultural Studies in the 1990s You also had the opportunity to observe how the constitution of Cul tural Studies as an academic discipline is closely related to literary theory In the case of English universities where the former was first institutionalized the new discipline arose from a questioning of English that is English resumo 20 Literatura de Língua Inglesa V Literature which had reached academic prestige along with literary theory in the rest of Europe and the United States between the 1930s and 1940s Such questioning began to appear even in the late 1950s with the books of Williams and Hoggart who were once English students in Cambridge The first institutional space of the new discipline was the University of Birmingham where Hoggart founded the Center for the Study of Contem porary Culture CCCS in 1964 Under the direction of Hall from the 1970s onwards the CCCS formed a large part of the professors and advocates of Cultural Studies in the rest of Europe and the United States achieving a degree of popularity and academic success in the 1990s that pose a threat to many of the postgraduate departments in literary studies that saw their main study object being appropriated by new cultural approaches The main trends in Cultural Studies are the study of popular cultures and cultural industry involving communication media the young subcul tures of the big cities the issues of gender and ethnicity the fragmenta tion of identities and cultural production and reception in an ideologically globalized world Such tendencies affected literary studies and especially literary theory in two main aspects the construction and redefinition of the literary canon and the appropriate theoretical method and foundation for the analysis of cultural objects Hence literary scholars have been faced with two impasses 1 if on the one hand it is important to expand a traditional and ideologically closed canon which for the most part includes male white and European authors on the other one cannot question or deconstruct such a canon in favor of other cultural practices and manifestations without knowing it that is without studying it 2 If the analyzes of aspects related to issues of popular or mass cultures are extremely relevant as well as ethnicity gender and other social problems in literary works it is necessary not to reduce the literary text to a symptomatic document of such questions by making better use of the theoretical instruments provided by literary theory in such approaches not forgetting that there are other documents cultural practices and manifestations in which these issues can be better explored Nowadays literary studies are undergoing a redefinition of both their theoretical assumptions and their object of study and it is necessary for literary scholars to critically borrow from other disciplines new or tradi tional in order to cast new glances at old and canonized objects making it possible for the study of Literature to contribute in some way to better think about the problems of the world 21 Literary theory and Cultural Studies Aula 1 actIvIty comment This activity aims at building a textsynthesis of the main points addressed in this lesson in order to explain the process of constitution of Cultural Studies as an academic discipline its main trends and its dialogues and conflicts with literary studies Throughout its argumentation it seeks to make explicit the constitution of English Literature as academic knowledge the contribution of the founding fathers to Cultural Studies and the process of expansion and crisis of the new discipline Write a short text at most two pages using 12point font size Times New Roman and 15 line spacing with the following title Literary Studies and Cultural Studies dialogues confrontations and perspectives atIvIdades próxIma aula Next you will be introduced to Gender Studies You will learn about its origin and development as well as the main concepts used within this field glossary 1 Interdisciplinary the integration of two or more curricular components in the construction of knowledge Interdisciplinarity emerges as one of the answers to the need for an epistemological reconciliation a process necessary due to the fragmentation of knowledge that occurred with the industrial revolution and the need for specialized labor The interdisciplinarity sought to reconcile the concepts belonging to the different areas of knowledge in order to promote advances such as the production of new knowledge or even new subareas Source httpptwikipediaorgwiki Interdisciplinaridade 2 scrutiny name of the journal that Leavis and his wife founded in 1932 and directed to its last issue in 1953 It is from such a journal 22 Literatura de Língua Inglesa V that the Leavis group and its associates will claim for Literature the role of safeguarding the universal in a world in crisis For Eagleton 1983 34 whatever has been the success or failure of the journal the truth is that English scholars are today leavists whether they know it or not irremediably influenced by this historical intervention 4 rastafari A religious movement that emerged in the 1930s in Jamaica which preaches the return of blacks to the homeland of their ancestors Africa This movement proclaims Haile Selassie I Emperor of Ethiopia as the earthly representation of Jah something that the Abraamians call God This term comes from a contracted form of Jehovah found in Psalm 68 4 in the King James Bible version and the promised Messiah is part of the sacred trinity The name Rastafari has its origin in Ras prince or head Tafari Makonnen the name of Haile Selassie I before its coronation source httpptwikipedia orgwikiRastafari 5 punk Punk culture consists of the styles that possess certain characteristics common to those so called punk as for example the do ityourself principle the interest by crude and aggressive appearance the simplicity the nihilistic sarcasm the subversion of culture and anarchist thought Among the punk cultural elements are musical style fashion design plastic arts cinema poetry and also behavior including or not defined ethical and political principles linguistic expressions symbols and other codes of communication From the late 1960s the concept of punk culture acquired new meaning with the expression Punk Movement which began to be used to define its transformation into an urban tribe replacing a broad and unclear conception of the individual and a fundamentally cultural attitude by the concept of a social movement proper the acceptance by the individual of a supposed ideology behavior and posture shared by all members of the punk movement or gang or branchsubmovement to which it belongs source httpptwikipediaorgwikiPunk 6 Intertextual of intertextuality that is dialogue between texts This dialogue presupposes a very wide and complex cultural universe since it implies the identification and recognition of references to works or to more or less known excepts Depending on the situation intertextuality has different functions that depend on the texts contexts in which it is inserted Obviously the phenomenon of intertextuality is linked to the knowledge of the world which must be shared that is common to the producer and recipient of texts 23 Literary theory and Cultural Studies Aula 1 references CEVASCO Maria Elisa 2003 dez lições sobre estudos culturais São Paulo Boitempo Editorial CULLER Jonathan 1999 teoria literária uma introdução Tradução de Sandra Vasconcelos São Paulo Beca EAGLETON Terry 1983 teoria da literatura uma introdução Tradução de Waltensir Dutra São Paulo Martins Fontes HALL ET alii 2004 culture media language london Routledge Birmingham Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies MATTELART Armand e NEVEU Érik 2004 Introdução aos estudos culturais Tradução de Marcos Marcionilo São Paulo Parábola Editorial