Atividade de Literatura Inglesa

Aula 4 ThE CIVIL RIGhTS MOVEMEnT META Illustrating how the the context of the Civil Rights movement in the United States affected the production of culture in the whole world calling attention to questions related to idenity ethnicity and gender OBJETIVO Understading how the different episodes of the Civil Rights movement through history created a specific context in the sixties Raising students awareness about the relationship between the music of the period and the context in which it was produced pRERREQUISITO Familiaridade com os períodos formativos da literatura norteamericana Conceitoschave da Teoria da Literatura e da história literária Noções de história dos Estados Unidos Luiz Eduardo Oliveira José Augusto Batista dos Santos 52 Literatura de Língua Inglesa V IntroductIon We are going to talk about a social movement which happened in the 1960s in the United States and inspired similar movements all around the world The result of the claim of the many social groups which were excluded of the America dream the movement gave reason to blacks women gay people in every part of the planet due to its amazing power of involvement as well as its capacity of dealing with the symbolic appeal of the youth through different kinds of media literature music movies news media and cultural politics The civil rights movement as we could see in the previous class is also known as the AfricanAmerican civil rights movement American civil rights movement and some other terms It was a decadeslong movement with the goal of securing legal rights for African Americans especially With roots starting in the Reconstruction era during the late 19th century the movement provoked a strong legislative impact after the direct actions and protests organized from the mid1950s until 1968 Many groups and organized social movements fought and faced oppression and violence from the police trying to promote the end of legalized racial segregation and discrimination in the United States Moderates in the movement were adept to nonviolent manifestations and worked with Congress to negotiate the passage of significant pieces of federal legislation legitimating discriminatory practices The Civil Rights Act of 1964 for example banned discrimination based on race color religion sex or national origin in employment practices ended unequal application of voter registration requirements and prohibited racial segregation in schools workplace and public accommodations what gave reason to many fights and a daily struggle for the black community in order to have these rights guaranteed The Voting Rights Act of 1965 in turn restored and protected voting rights for minorities by authorizing federal oversight of registration and elections in areas with a historic prejudice against the blacks The Fair Housing Act of 1968 banned discrimination in the sale or rental of housing African Americans reentered politics in the South and across the country young people were inspired to take action But nothing was easy as we can see in the many videos and movies available in the internet about such historical episodes From 1964 to 1970 a lot of riots in black communities took place The emergence of the Black Power movement which lasted from about 1965 to 1975 challenged the established black leadership for its practice of non violence and instead demanded that political and economic selfsufficiency could be built in the black community Many popular representations of the movement are centered on the charismatic leadership and philosophy of Martin Luther King Jr about whom we have already talked about in 53 THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT Aula 4 the previous class He won the 1964 Nobel Peace Prize for his role in the movement desenvolvImento Before the american civil war 1 in the United States there were almost four million blacks enslaved in the South only white men of prop erty could vote and the Naturalization Act of 1790 limited US citizenship to whites only Following the Civil War three constitutional amendments were passed including the 13th Amendment 1865 that ended slavery 13th by the way is the title of an amazing documentary film produced in 2016 and directed by ava duvernay The film explores the intersection of race justice and mass incarceration in the United States as The New York Times put it and argues that slavery has been perpetuated in practices since the end of the American Civil War through such actions as crimi nalizing behavior and enabling police to arrest poor freedmen and force them to work for the state under convict leasing It also denounces the suppression of African Americans by disenfranchisement lynchings and Jim crow 2 as well as the political failure of declaring war on which had as enemies the people from the ghettos that is the minority commu nities By the late 20th century it became a mass incarceration of people of color in the United States The film also shows us the prisonindustrial complex and the emerging detentionindustrial complex denouncing the great amount of money which is made by the big corporations interested in this field of investment 13th was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature at the 89th Academy Awards and won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Documentary or Nonfiction Special at the 69th Primetime Emmy Awards Ava Marie DuVernay 1972 is an American film director producer screenwriter film marketer and film distributor She won the directing award in the US dramatic competition at the 2012 Sundance Film Festival for her second feature film Middle of Nowhere becoming the first AfricanAmerican woman to win the award For her work on Selma 2014 DuVernay was the first black female director to be nominated for a Golden Globe Award With Selma she was also the first black female director to have her film nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture In 2017 she was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature for her film 13th 2016 fonte httpsenwikipediaorgwikiAvaDu Vernay Ver glossário no final da Aula Ver glossário no final da Aula 54 Literatura de Língua Inglesa V Another Amendment was the 14th 1868 which gave African Americans citizenship adding their total population of four million to the official population of southern states for Congressional apportionment and the 15th Amendment 1870 which gave AfricanAmerican males the right to vote which was still very little once women could not vote From 1865 to 1877 the United States underwent the so called Reconstruc tion Era during which there was an attempt to establish free labor and civil rights of freedmen in the South Many whites of course resisted the social changes leading to movements such as the Ku Klux Klan 3 whose members attacked black and white Republicans to maintain white supremacy In 1871 the president Ulysses S Grant the US Army and US Attorney General Amos T Akerman initiated a campaign to repress the KKK under the Enforcement Acts Even so some states were reluctant to enforce the federal measures of the act By the early 1870s other white supremacist and paramilitary groups arose against the AfricanAmerican legal equality and suffrage From 1890 to 1908 southern states passed new constitutions and laws to disenfranchise African Americans and many poor whites After the landmark court case of smith v allwright 4 progress was made in increasing black political participation especially in urban areas and in a few rural places where most blacks worked outside plantations But the situation did not change much in the South especially in North Louisiana Mississippi and Alabama until national civil rights legislation was passed in the mid1960s Thus for more than sixty years blacks in the South were not able to elect anyone to represent their interests in Congress or local government Furthermore since they could not vote they could not serve on local juries During this period the whitedominated Democratic Party maintained political control over the South The Republican Party the party of Lin coln as people used to say was insignificant Until 1965 the south was a oneparty system under the Democrats In 1901 President theodore roosevelt invited Booker t washington to dine at the White House making him the first African American to attend an official dinner there Ver glossário no final da Aula Ver glossário no final da Aula Theodore Roosevelt Jr 18581919 was an American statesman and writer who served as the 26th President of the United States from 1901 to 1909 He also served as the 25th Vice President of the United States from March to Sep tember 1901 and as the 33rd Governor of New York from 1899 to 1900 As a leader of the Republican Party during this time he is said to be a driving force for the Progressive Era in the United States in the early 20th century His face is depicted on Mount Rushmore alongside those of George Washington Thomas Jefferson and Abraham Lincoln fonte httpsenwikipediaorgwikiTheodoreRoosevelt 55 THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT Aula 4 While the African Americans were being disenfranchised white south erners were imposing racial segregation by law Violence against blacks increased with numerous lynchings and hangings through the turn of the century This system of racial discrimination and oppression that emerged from the postReconstruction South became known as the Jim Crow system The United States Supreme Court made up almost entirely of Northerners upheld the constitution against those state laws that required racial segregation in its 1896 decision plessy v ferguson 5 legitimizing them through the separate but equal doctrine Segregation which began with slavery continued with Jim Crow laws with signs used to show blacks where they could legally walk talk drink rest or eat But that was not enough In those places where races could mix nonwhites had to wait until all white customers were attended In 1912 president woodrow wilson ordered segregration throughout the federal government Thomas Woodrow Wilson 18561924 was an American statesman and academic who served as the 28th President of the United States from 1913 to 1921 A member of the Democratic Party Wilson served as the President of Princeton University from 1902 to 1910 and as Governor of New Jersey from 1911 to 1913 before winning the 1912 presidential election As president he oversaw the passage of progressive legislative policies unparalleled until the New Deal in 1933 He also led the United States during World War I establishing an activist foreign policy known as Wilsonianism He was one of the three key leaders at the 1919 Paris Peace Conference where he championed a new League of Nations but he was unable to win Senate approval for US participation in the League fonte httpsenwikipediaorgwikiWoodrowWilson Ver glossário no final da Aula Booker Taliaferro Washington 18561915 was an American educator author orator and advisor to presidents of the United States Between 1890 and 1915 Washington was the dominant leader in the AfricanAmerican community He was from the last generation of black American leaders born into slavery and became the leading voice of the former slaves and their descendants They were newly op pressed in the South by disenfranchisement and the Jim Crow discriminatory laws enacted in the post Reconstruction Southern states in the late 19th and early 20th centuries fonte httpsenwikipediaorgwikiBookerT Washington 56 Literatura de Língua Inglesa V Segregation remained in the United States until the mid1950s when even the racist states began to integrate their schools following though reluctantly the Supreme Court decision in Brown v Board of education 6 which overturned Plessy v Ferguson The early 20th century was the worst period for race relations in the United States While the civil rights violations were most intense in the South social discrimination affected African Americans in many other regions As we can see the postReconstruction was full of tension and it was of central importance for the struggle against all kinds pf prejudice It can be illustrated by racial segregation disenfranchisement exploitation because of the increase of economic oppression of blacks Latinos and Asians followed by the denial of economic opportunities and employment discrimination violence in all its senses individual institutional and in short mob racial violence against nonwhite people From 1910 to 1970 African Americans sought better lives by migrating north and west out of the South something which is marrated in many short stories and novels like in The invisible man 1952 by Raplph Ellison Nearly seven million blacks left the South in the so called great migration 7 So many people migrated that the demographics of some previously blackmajority states changed to white majority As a consequence of this intense influx of blacks in Northern cities hostility increased between both black and white Northerners Thus African Americans experienced systemic discrimination also in Northern cities Economic opportunities for blacks were routed to the loweststatus The great migration also provoked a realignment among Afri can Americans from Republican to Democrat what was sealed by the new deal 8 during the great depression 9 in the 1930s Under pressure from African American supporters who began the March on Washington Movement president Franklin D Roosevelt issued the first federal order banning discrimination creating the Fair Employment Practice Committee On the other hand black veterans of the military after both World Wars pressed for full civil rights and often led activist movements something which would happen some decades later with the veterans from the Vietnam war In 1948 they gained integration in the military under president harry truman who issued Executive Order 9981 to accomplish it Ver glossário no final da Aula Ver glossário no final da Aula Ver glossário no final da Aula 57 THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT Aula 4 Harry S Truman 18841972 was the 33rd Presi dent of the United States 19451953 taking of fice upon the death of Franklin D Roosevelt A World War I veteran he assumed the presidency during the waning months of World War II and the beginning of the Cold War He is known for implementing the Marshall Plan to rebuild the economy of Western Europe for the establish ment of the Truman Doctrine and NATO against Soviet and Chinese Communism and for interven ing in the Korean War In domestic affairs he was a moderate Democrat whose liberal proposals were a continuation of Franklin Roosevelts New Deal but the conservativedominated Congress blocked most of them He used the veto power 180 times more than any president since and saw 12 over ridden by Congress only Grover Cleveland and Franklin D Roosevelt used the veto more often and only Gerald Ford and Andrew Johnson saw so many veto overrides He is the only world leader Housing segregation is also another central problem black communities have to face The federal government did not reject the use of racerestrictive covenants until 1950 Suburbanization was already connected with white flight during this period a situation perpetuated as time went by From the 1930s to the 1960s the National Association of Real Estate Boards NAREB issued guidelines that resulted in the creation of black ghettos in the country In defiance AfricanAmerican activists began their action and it was in the 1950s that the direct action began Thus the strategy of public education legislative lobbying and litigation that had characterized the movement during the first half of the 20th century was transformed into a strategy that emphasized direct action boycotts sitins freedom rides marches walks and similar tactics that relied on mass mobilization nonviolent resistance and civil disobedience In March 1964 malcolm x elHajj Malik elShabazz national rep resentative of the Nation of Islam formally broke with that organization and made a public offer to collaborate with any civil rights organization that accepted the right to selfdefense and the philosophy of black nationalism which did not required Black separatism On March 26 1964 while the Civil Rights Act was facing a strong opposition in Congress malcolm had a public meeting with martin luther King Jr at the capitol build ing Malcolm had attempted to begin a dialogue with Dr King as early as 1957 but they could not agree in many points In some interviews he even called King an Uncle Tom who turned his back on black militancy in order to appease the white men However both of them were on good terms at their meeting to have used nuclear weapons in war He desegregated the US Armed Forces supported a newly independent Israel and was a founder of the United Nations fonte httpsenwikipediaorgwikiHarrySTruman 58 Literatura de Língua Inglesa V Between 1963 and 1964 civil rights activists became increasingly combative The repression of sitins in Jacksonville Florida provoked a riot that saw black youth throwing Molotov cocktails at police on March 24 1964 Malcolm X gave many important speeches in this period In his April 1964 speech for example which can easily be viewed on the internet entitled The Ballot or the Bullet he presented an ultimatum to white America Theres new strategy coming in Itll be Molotov cocktails this month hand grenades next month and something else next month Itll be ballots or itll be bullets During the freedom summer 10 campaign of 1964 some crucial problems emerged Many blacks in sncc 11 developed concerns that white activists from the North were taking over the movement Their pres ence was not reducing the violence suffered by SNCC but seemed to be increasing it Additionally people reacted negatively to Lyndon Johnsons denial of voting status for the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party Meanwhile during cores 12 work in Louisiana that summer that group Malcolm X meets with Martin Lu ther King Jr March 26 1964 Fonte httpsenwikipediaorg wikiCivilrightsmovementme diaFileMLKandMalcolmX USNWRcroppedjpg Malcolm X 19251965 was an American Muslim minister and human rights activ ist He was a courageous advocate for the rights of blacks a man who indicted white America in the harshest terms for its crimes against black Americans Although detractors accused him of preaching racism and violence He has been called one of the greatest and most influential African Americans in history fonte httpsenwikipediaorgwiki MalcolmX Ver glossário no final da Aula 59 THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT Aula 4 came to the conclusion that the federal government would not respond to their requests to reenforce the provisions of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and would not protect the lives of activists who challenged the racist society of the United States For the Louisiana campaign to survive it had to count on a local AfricanAmerican militia called the deacons for defense and Justice 13 who used arms to repel white supremacist violence and police repression On February 19 1965 Malcolm X had told in an interview that the Nation of Islam was actively trying to kill him On February 21 1965 he was preparing to address the oaau 14 in Manhattans Audubon Ballroom when someone in the 400person audience yelled Nigger Get your hand outta my pocket As Malcolm X and his bodyguards tried to quell the disturbance a man rushed forward and shot him once in the chest with a sawedoff shotgun and two other men charged the stage firing semi automatic handguns Malcolm X was pronounced dead at 330 pm shortly after arriving at Columbia Presbyterian Hospital The autopsy identified 21 gunshot wounds to the chest left shoulder arms and legs including ten buckshot wounds from the initial shotgun blast There is a very interesting movie based on his biography and directed by Spike Lee Malcom X In 1965 SNCC organized a political party the lowndes county freedom organization lcfo 15 in the Alabama Klan territory and permitted its black leaders to promote the use of armed selfdefense Meanwhile the Deacons for Defense and Justice expanded into Mississippi and assisted Charles Evers naacp 16 chapter with a successful campaign in Natchez The same year the watts rebellion 17 took place in Los Angeles showing to American white society that many black youth were now committed to the use of violence to protest inequality and oppression Malcolm X sometimes stylized as X is a 1992 American epic biographical drama film about the AfroAmerican activist Malcolm X Directed and cowritten by Spike Lee the film stars Denzel Washington in the title role as well as Angela Bassett Albert Hall Al Freeman Jr and Delroy Lindo Lee has a supporting role while Black Panther Party cofounder Bobby Seale the Rev Al Sharpton and future South Africa president Nelson Mandela make cameo appearances This is the second of four film collaborations between Washington and Lee fonte httpsenwikipediaorgwiki MalcolmX1992film Ver glossário no final da Aula Ver glossário no final da Aula 60 Literatura de Língua Inglesa V Seven years later the wattstax took place It was a benefit concert organized by Stax Records to celebrate the anniversary of the 1965 riots in the AfricanAmerican community of Watts Los Angeles The concert took place at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum on August 20 1972 and included all of Staxs prominent artists at the time of various genres soul gospel RB blues funk and jazz Months after the festival Stax released a double LP of the concertentitled Wattstax The Living Word The concert was filmed by David L Wolpers crew being transformed into a film docu mentary in 1973 with the title Wattstax directed by Mel Stuart and featuring the famous comedian Richard Pryor 19402005 It was nominated for a Golden Globe the next year During the march against fear 18 in 1966 SNCC and CORE fully embraced the slogan of black power to describe these trends towards militancy and selfreliance Several people engaging in the Black power movement 19 started to gain a more strong sense of black pride and identity Several blacks then demanded that whites no longer refer to them as Negroes but as AfroAmericans Until the mid1960s blacks had dressed similarly to whites and straightened their hair but from this time on they began to wear loosely fit dashikis and had started to grow their hair out as a natural afro The afro sometimes called the fro remained a popular black hairstyle until the late 1970s Very recently it came back and many men and women are using it around the world The concert was filmed by David L Wolpers film crew and was made into the 1973 film titled Wattstax The film was directed by Mel Stuart and nominated for a Golden Globe award for Best Documentary Film in 1974 fonte httpsenwikipediaorgwiki Wattstax Ver glossário no final da Aula 61 THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT Aula 4 But the Black Power movement became famous with the Black pan ther party Bpp 20 which was founded by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale in Oakland California in 1966 The group began following the revo lutionary panAfricanism of propagated by Malcolm X and sought to rid African American neighborhoods from police brutality establishing socialist community control in the ghettos Between 1968 and 1971 the BPP was one of the most important black organizations in the country and had support from the NAACP and groups The Black Power movement was taken to another level inside prison walls In 1966 george Jackson formed the Black guerrilla family 21 in the California San Quentin State Prison The goal of this group was to overthrow the whiterun government in America and the prison system After a white prison guard was found not guilty of shooting and killing three black prisoners from the prison tower in 1970 the group y retaliated by killing a white prison guard Many popular cultural expressions associated with black power ap peared during this time Released in August 1968 the number one Rhythm Blues single for the Billboard YearEnd list was James Browns Say It Loud Im Black and Im Proud In October 1968 Tommie Smith and John Carlos while being awarded the gold and bronze medals respectively at the 1968 Summer Olympics donned human rights badges and each raised a blackgloved Black Power salute during their podium ceremony in an image which became iconic George Lester Jackson 19411971 was an African American activist and author While serving a sen tence for armed robbery in 1961 Jackson became involved in revolutionary activity and cofounded the MaoistMarxist Black Guerrilla Family In 1970 he was charged along with two other Soledad Brothers with the murder of prison guard John Vincent Mills in the aftermath of a prison fight The same year he published Soledad Brother The Prison Letters of George Jackson a combination of autobiography and manifesto addressed to a black American audi ence The book would become a bestseller and earn Jackson personal fame In 1971 Jackson took several guards and two inmates hostage in a bid to escape from San Quentin Prison However the incident ended with Jackson being shot and killed by a guard in addition to the deaths of 5 hostages fonte httpsenwikipediaorgwikiGeorgeJack sonactivist Ver glossário no final da Aula 62 Literatura de Língua Inglesa V James Joseph Brown 19332006 was an American singer songwriter dancer musician record produc er and bandleader A progenitor of funk music and a major figure of 20th century popular music and dance he is often referred to as the Godfather of Soul In a career that lasted 50 years he influenced the development of several music genres fonte httpsenwikipediaorgwikiJames Brown The 1968 Olympics Black Power Salute was a political demonstration conducted by AfricanAmerican ath letes Tommie Smith and John Carlos during their medal ceremony on October 16 1968 at the 1968 Summer Olympics in the Olympic Stadium in Mexico City After Smith and Carlos won gold and bronze med als respectively in the 200meter running event they turned on the podium to face their flags and to hear the American national anthem The StarSpangled Banner Each athlete raised a blackgloved fist and kept them raised until the anthem had finished In addition Smith Carlos and Australian silver medalist Peter Norman all wore human rights badges on their jackets In his autobiography Silent Gesture Smith stated that the gesture was not a Black Power salute but a human rights salute The event is regarded as one of the most overtly political statements in the history of the modern Olympic Games Fonte httpsenwikipediaorgwiki1968Olym picsBlackPowersalute Martin Luther King Jr 19291968 was an American Baptist minister and activist who became the most vis ible spokesperson and leader in the civil rights move ment from 1954 until his death in 1968 Born in Atlanta King is best known for advancing civil rights through nonviolence and civil disobedience tactics his Christian beliefs and the nonviolent activism of Mahatma Gandhi helped inspire fonte httpsenwikipediaorgwikiMartinLu therKingJrAftermath 63 THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT Aula 4 dr King was not comfortable with the Black Power slogan which sounded too much like black nationalism to him King was fatally shot by James Earl Ray at 601 pm April 4 1968 as he stood on the Lorraine Motels secondfloor bal cony The bullet entered through his right cheek smashing his jaw then traveled down his spinal cord before lodging in his shoulder Abernathy heard the shot from inside the motel room and ran to the balcony to find King on the floor The assassination of Dr King provoked a wave of race riots in Washington DC Chicago Baltimore Louisville Kansas City and many other cities President Lyndon B Johnson declared April 7 a national day of mourning for the beloved civil rights leader Nina Simone 19332003 was an American sing er songwriter pianist arranger and activist in the Civil Rights Movement Her music spanned a broad range of musical styles including classical jazz blues folk RB gospel and pop fonte httpsenwikipediaorgwikiNina Simone conclusIon As we could see he Civil Rights Movement did not in the twentieth century Efforts to improve the quality of life for African Americans are as old as the United States Since the time of the American Revolution at the end of the eighteenth century abolitionists were already working to eliminate racial injustice extinguish to the institution of slavery After the Civil War during the period known as Reconstruction the passage of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments established a legal foundation for the political equality of African Americans Nevertheless the racial segregation known as Jim Crow arose in the South During the Civil War President Abraham Lincoln had issued the Emancipation Proclamation which was codified into law as the Thirteenth Amendment to the US Constitution The Thirteenth Amendment officially outlawed slavery and went into effect in 1865 The twentiethcentury Civil Rights Movement emerged as a response to the unfulfilled promises of emancipation partly as a result of the experi 64 Literatura de Língua Inglesa V ences of black soldiers in the Second World War African Americans fought in a segregated military while being exposed to US propaganda emphasiz ing liberty justice and equality After fighting in the name of democracy in other countries around the world many African American veterans returned to the United States determined to achieve the rights and prerogatives of full citizenship what did not happen From the mid1950s to the end of the sixties the Civil Rights Movement involved many different strategies including legal action nonviolent civil disobedience and black militancy fonte httpswwwkhanacademyorghumanitiesushistorypostwarera civilrightsmovementaintroductiontothecivilrightsmovement resumo The civil rights movement as we could see in this class is also known as the AfricanAmerican civil rights movement American civil rights movement and some other terms It was a decadeslong movement with the goal of securing legal rights for African Americans especially With roots starting in the Reconstruction era during the late 19th century the movement provoked a strong legislative impact after the direct actions and protests organized from the mid1950s until 1968 Many groups and organized social movements fought and faced oppression and violence from the police trying to promote the end of legalized racial segregation and discrimination in the United States atIvIdades Read the the lyrics of a song by Nina Simone listen to it if you can researching on the internet Why The King Of Love Is Dead Whats gonna happen now In all of our cities My people are rising theyre living in lies Even if they have to die Even if they have to die at the moment they know what life is Even at that one moment that ya know what life is If you have to die its all right Cause you know what life is You know what freedom is for one moment of your life 65 THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT Aula 4 But he had seen the mountaintop And he knew he could not stop Always living with the threat of death ahead Folks youd better stop and think Everybody knows were on the brink What will happen now that the King is dead We can all shed tears it wont change a thing Teach your people Will they ever learn Must you always kill with burn and burn with guns And kill with guns and burn dont you know how we gotta react But he had seen the mountaintop And he knew he could not stop Always living with the threat of death ahead Folks youd better stop and think Everybody knows were on the brink What will happen now that the King of love is dead Based on the text you read for this class try to interpret the lyrics of the song relating it to the context in which it was written Write in English O texto deve ter no máximo 15000 caracteres com espaço actIvIty comment Esta atividade tem por finalidade principal fazer você construa uma síntese dos principais conteúdos desta quarta Aula de modo a compreender criticamente o movimento dos direitos civis dos Estados Unidos bem como seus desdobramentos afentando a cultura mundial próxIma aula What is black in black popular culture a text by Stuart Hall glossárIo 1 the american civil war was a war though a Declaration of War was never issued by Congress fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865 As a result of the longstanding controversy over slavery war broke out in April 1861 when Confederate forces attacked Fort Sumter 66 Literatura de Língua Inglesa V in South Carolina shortly after US President Abraham Lincoln was inaugurated The nationalists of the Union proclaimed loyalty to the US Constitution They faced secessionists of the Confederate States who advocated for states rights to expand slavery Fonte httpsenwikipediaorgwikiAmericanCivilWar 2 Jim crow laws were state and local laws that enforced racial segregation in the Southern United States Enacted by white Democrat dominated state legislatures after the Reconstruction period in the late 19th century the laws were enforced until 1965 In practice Jim Crow laws mandated racial segregation in all public facilities in the states of the former Confederate States of America starting in the 1870s and 1880s and were upheld in 1896 by the US Supreme Courts separate but equal legal doctrine for African Americans established with the courts decision in the case of Plessy vs Ferguson Moreover public education had essentially been segregated since its establishment in most of the South after the Civil War 186165 Fonte httpsenwikipediaorgwikiJimCrowlaws 3 the Ku Klux Klan commonly called the KKK or simply the Klan refers to three distinct secret movements at different points in time in the history of the United States Each has advocated extremist reactionary positions such as white supremacy white nationalism antiimmigration andespecially in later iterationsNordicism and antiCatholicism Historically the KKK used terrorismboth physical assault and murderagainst groups or individuals whom they opposed All three movements have called for the purification of American society and all are considered rightwing extremist organizations In each era membership was secret and estimates of the total were highly exaggerated by both the friends and enemies Fonte httpsenwikipediaorgwikiKuKluxKlan 4 smith v allwright 1944 was a landmark decision of the United States Supreme Court with regard to voting rights and by extension racial desegregation It overturned the Texas state law that authorized the Democratic Party to set its internal rules including the use of white primaries The court ruled that it was unconstitutional for the state to delegate its authority over elections to the Democratic Party in order to allow discrimination to be practiced This ruling affected all other states where the party used the white primary rule Fonte httpsenwikipediaorgwikiSmithvAllwright 5 plessy v ferguson 1896 was a landmark decision of the US Supreme Court issued in 1896 It upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation laws for public facilities as long as the segregated facilities were equal in quality a doctrine that came to be known as separate but equal 67 THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT Aula 4 This legitimized the many state laws reestablishing racial segregation that had been passed in the American South after the end of the Reconstruction Era 18651877 The decision was handed down by a vote of 7 to 1 with the majority opinion written by Justice Henry Billings Brown and the lone dissent written by Justice John Marshall Harlan Fonte httpsenwikipediaorgwikiPlessyvFerguson 6 Brown v Board of education of topeka 1954 was a landmark United States Supreme Court case in which the Court declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students to be unconstitutional The decision effectively overturned the Plessy v Ferguson decision of 1896 which allowed statesponsored segregation insofar as it applied to public education Handed down on May 17 1954 the Warren Courts unanimous 90 decision stated that separate educational facilities are inherently unequal As a result de jure racial segregation was ruled a violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution This ruling paved the way for integration and was a major victory of the Civil Rights Movement and a model for many future impact litigation cases However the decisions fourteen pages did not spell out any sort of method for ending racial segregation in schools and the Courts second decision in Brown II 1955 only ordered states to desegregate with all deliberate speed Fonte httpsenwikipediaorgwikiBrownvBoardofEducation 7 the great migration was the movement of 6 million African Americans out of the rural Southern United States to the urban Northeast Midwest and West that occurred between 1916 and 1970 Until 1910 more than 90 percent of the AfricanAmerican population lived in the American South In 1900 only onefifth of AfricanAmericans living in the South were living in urban areas By the end of the Great Migration 53 percent of the AfricanAmerican population remained in the South while 40 percent lived in the North and 7 percent in the West and the AfricanAmerican population had become highly urbanized By 1960 of those AfricanAmericans still living in the South half now lived in urban areas and by 1970 more than 80 percent of AfricanAmericans nationwide lived in cities Fonte httpsenwikipediaorgwikiGreatMigrationAfrican American 8 the new deal was a series of programs public work projects financial reforms and regulations enacted in the United States between 1933 and 1936 in response to the Great Depression Some of these federal programs included the Civilian Conservation Corps CCC the Civil Works Administration CWA the Farm Security Administration 68 Literatura de Língua Inglesa V FSA the National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 NIRA and the Social Security Administration SSA Fonte httpsenwikipediaorgwikiNewDeal 9 the great depression began in August 1929 when the United States economy first went into an economic recession Although the country spent two months with declining GDP it was not until the Wall Street Crash in October 1929 that the effects of a declining economy were felt and a major worldwide economic downturn ensued The market crash marked the beginning of a decade of high unemployment poverty low profits deflation plunging farm incomes and lost opportunities for economic growth as well as personal advancement Although general loss of confidence in the economic future Fonte httpsenwikipediaorgwikiGreatDepressioninthe UnitedStates 10 freedom summer or the Mississippi Summer Project was a volunteer campaign in the United States launched in June 1964 to attempt to register as many AfricanAmerican voters as possible in Mississippi Blacks had been cut off from voting since the turn of the century due to barriers to voter registration and other laws The project also set up dozens of Freedom Schools Freedom Houses and community centers in small towns throughout Mississippi to aid the local black population Fonte httpsenwikipediaorgwikiFreedomSummer 11 the student nonviolent coordinating committee sncc often pronounced snɪk SNIK was one of the major Civil Rights Movement organizations of the 1960s It emerged from the first wave of student sitins and formed at an April 1960 meeting organized by Ella Baker 19031986 at Shaw University After its involvement in the Voter Education Project SNCC grew into a large organization with many supporters in the North who helped raise funds to support its work in the South allowing fulltime organizers to have a small salary Many unpaid grassroots organizers and activists also worked with SNCC on projects in the Deep South often becoming targets of racial violence and police brutality SNCC played a seminal role in the freedom rides the 1963 March on Washington Mississippi Freedom Summer the Selma campaigns the March Against Fear and other historic events SNCCs major contribution was in its field work organizing voter registration freedom schools and direct action all over the country but especially in Georgia Alabama and Mississippi Fonte httpsenwikipediaorgwikiStudentNonviolent CoordinatingCommittee 12 the congress of racial equality core is an African American civil rights organization in the United States that played 69 THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT Aula 4 a pivotal role for African Americans in the Civil Rights Movement Founded in 1942 its stated mission is to bring about equality for all people regardless of race creed sex age disability sexual orientation religion or ethnic background Fonte httpsenwikipediaorgwikiCongressofRacialEquality 13 the deacons for defense and Justice was an armed AfricanAmerican selfdefense group founded in November 1964 during the civil rights era in the United States in the mill town of Jonesboro Louisiana On February 21 1965 the day of Malcolm Xs assassination the first affiliated chapter was founded in Bogalusa Louisiana followed by a total of 20 other chapters in this state Mississippi and Alabama It was intended to protect civil rights activists and their families They were threatened both by white vigilantes and discriminatory treatment by police under Jim Crow laws The Bogalusa chapter gained national attention during the summer of 1965 in its violent struggles with the Ku Klux Klan Fonte httpsenwikipediaorgwikiDeaconsforDefenseand Justice 14 the organization of afroamerican unity oaau was a Pan Africanist organization founded by Malcolm X in 1964 The OAAU was modeled on the Organisation of African Unity which had impressed Malcolm X during his visit to Africa in April and May 1964 The purpose of the OAAU was to fight for the human rights of African Americans and promote cooperation among Africans and people of African descent in the Americas Fonte httpsenwikipediaorgwikiOrganizationofAfroAmerican Unity 15 the lowndes county freedom organization lcfo also known as the Black Panther Party was started in 1965 under the direction of Student NonViolent Coordinating Committee SNCC activist Stokely Carmichael In 1965 Lowndes County in Alabama was 80 black but not a single black citizen was registered to vote Carmichael arrived in the county to organize a voter registration project and from this came the LCFO Party members adopted the black panther as their symbol for their independent political organization Fonte httpwwwblackpastorgaahlowndescountyfreedom organization 16 the national association for the advancement of colored people naacp is a civil rights organization in the United States formed in 1909 as a biracial endeavor to advance justice for African Americans by a group including W E B Du Bois 1863 1963 Mary White Ovington 18651951 and Moorfield Storey 18451929 Fonte httpsenwikipediaorgwikiNAACP 70 Literatura de Língua Inglesa V 17 the watts riots sometimes referred to as the Watts Rebellion took place in the Watts neighborhood of Los Angeles from August 11 to 16 1965 On August 11 1965 Marquette Frye an African American motorist on parole for robbery was pulled over for reckless driving A minor roadside argument broke out and then escalated into a fight with police False rumors spread that the police had hurt a pregnant woman and six days of looting and arson followed Los Angeles police needed the support of nearly 4000 members of the California Army National Guard to quell the riots which resulted in 34 deaths and over 40 million in property damage The riots were blamed principally on police racism It was the citys worst unrest until the Rodney King riots of 1992 Fontes httpsenwikipediaorgwikiWattsriots 18 the march against fear was a major 1966 demonstration in the Civil Rights Movement in the South Activist James Meredith launched the event on June 5 1966 intending to make a solitary walk from Memphis Tennessee to Jackson Mississippi a distance of 220 miles to counter the continuing racism in the Mississippi Delta after passage of federal civil rights legislation in the previous two years and to encourage African Americans in the state to register to vote He invited only individual black men to join him and did not want it to be a large media event dominated by major civil rights organizations Fonte httpsenwikipediaorgwikiMarchAgainstFear 19 the Black power movement was a political movement that emphasized racial pride economic empowerment as well as the creation of political and cultural institutions Several philosophies such as panAfricanism black nationalism and socialism served as early ideological influences of the Black Power movement as well as contemporary events like the Cuban Revolution and the decolonization of Africa The movement grew out of the Civil Rights Movement as black activists experimented with various forms of selfadvocacy ranging from political lobbying to armed struggle Many Black Americans became frustrated with the Civil Rights Movements reformist and pacifist elements believing that these methods were not effective in changing race relations in the country at the time The Black Power movement served as a focal point for this view Fonte httpsenwikipediaorgwikiBlackPowermovement 20 the Black panther party Bpp originally the Black Panther Party for SelfDefense was a political organization founded by Bobby Seale and Huey Newton in October 1966 The party was active in the United States from 1966 until 1982 with international chapters operating in the United Kingdom in the early 1970s and in Algeria from 1969 until 1972 Fonte httpsenwikipediaorgwikiBlackPantherParty 71 THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT Aula 4 21 the Black guerilla family or BGF also known as the Black Family or the Black Vanguard is an AfricanAmerican prison and street gang founded in 1966 by George Jackson George Big Jake Lewis and W L Nolen while they were incarcerated at San Quentin State Prison in Marin County California Fonte httpsenwikipediaorgwikiBlackGuerrillaFamily Anderson Carol eyes off the prize the united nations and the african american struggle for human rights 19441955 Cambridge UK Cambridge University Press 2003 Borstelmann Thomas the cold war and the color line american race relations in the global arena Cambridge Harvard University Press 2001 King Martin Luther and James M Washington Editor A testament of hope the essential writings and speeches of martin luther King Jr New York HarperCollins 1991 Levine Ellen freedoms children New York Penguin 1993 Moses Robert and Charles Cobb radical equations civil rights from mississippi to the algebra project Boston Beacon Press 2001 Seale Bobby seize the time the story of the Black panther party and huey p newton Baltimore MD Black Classic Press 1970 Vollers Maryanne Ghosts of Mississippi the murder of medgar evers the trials of Byron de la Beckwith and the haunting of the new south New York Little Brown Company 1995 sources from websites httpwwwarchivesgovresearchroomresearchtopicsafricanameri cansduringwwii africanamericansduringworldwar2html The pictures are wonderful However with respect to interpretation cau tion is in order as they were all taken by government photographers and thus may have an implicit bias httpmemorylocgovammemaaohtmlexhibitaopart8html This link goes directly to an online exhibit put together by the Library of Congress on the history of African Americans httpwwwhistorynavymilindexhtml This website contains secondary and primary sources pertaining to the history of the Navy httpwwwourdocumentsgov This website provides many links to interesting information as well as the text of 100 important documents in our nations history referêncIas Based on the text you read for this class try to interpret the lyrics of the song relating it to the context in which it was written Write in English O texto deve ter no máximo 15000 caracteres com espaço The song Why The King of Love Is Dead by Nina Simone was written in response to the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr in 1968 The lyrics reflect the grief anger and despair that many African Americans felt after Kings death one of the most prominent leaders of the Civil Rights Movement in the United States The song also questions the future of the movement and the struggle for racial equality in a context of violence and systemic oppression In the historical context of the Civil Rights Movement the death of Martin Luther King Jr represented a devastating blow to the African American community King was a symbol of hope and peaceful resistance and his death highlighted the fragility of the progress made up to that point The lyrics of the song capture this feeling of uncertainty and fear while also honoring Kings courage and vision When Nina Simone sings Whats gonna happen now In all of our cities she expresses concern for the future of the movement and the possibility of more violence and social instability The line My people are rising theyre living in lies can be interpreted as a reference to the growing awareness among the African American community about racial injustices and the need to continue fighting for their rights even in the face of a system that perpetuated inequality The song also reflects frustration with the violence that marked the struggle for civil rights as evidenced in the line Must you always kill with burn and burn with guns This phrase can be seen as a critique of police violence and the acts of repression that many activists faced during the movement The reference to the mountaintop in the lyrics is a direct allusion to Martin Luther King Jrs famous speech Ive Been to the Mountaintop delivered the night before his assassination In this speech King spoke about his vision of a future of equality and justice but also expressed the awareness that he might not live to see that future The song captures this duality between hope and despair reflecting the ongoing struggle for civil rights and the uncertainty about what would come next after Kings death In summary Why The King of Love Is Dead is a powerful artistic expression of the grief and outrage that followed the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr The song not only honors his life and legacy but also questions the future of the fight for racial equality in a context of violence and oppression Through its poignant lyrics Nina Simone manages to capture the complexity of the emotions experienced by the African American community during one of the most turbulent periods in US history