Periodization Models Used in Current Sport

See discussions stats and author profiles for this publication at httpswwwresearchgatenetpublication340834218 Periodization models used in the current sport Article April 2020 DOI 1015406mojsm20200400090 CITATIONS 2 READS 1826 1 author Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects Master Volleyball Team View project Study of the Sports Periodization View project Nelson Kautzner Marques Junior Independent Researcher 443 PUBLICATIONS 1016 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE All content following this page was uploaded by Nelson Kautzner Marques Junior on 22 April 2020 The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file Submit Manuscript httpmedcraveonlinecom Introduction Periodization began with the Greeks to prepare the athletes for the Olympic Games1 After the Russian Revolution of 1917 that the periodization study2 However the periodization of the empirical period is few or is not used during the current sports training origin of the Ancient Olympic Games until 1950 Then actually the periodization models used for the sport performance are the traditional periodization of 1950 to 1977 and the contemporary periodization of 1978 to the present day3 Traditional periodization has some characteristics that are the individualization of the training load training load response based on biological laws and the most of these models has the objective of the athlete archive the peak45 The contemporary periodization models the characteristics are different of traditional periodization68 The contemporary periodization has the following characteristics individualized training load with monitoring of the physiological adaptation training of the specific motor capacities of the modality use of the evolution time and of the residual training effect for the coach prescribes the session much attention with technical and tactical training and attention in the training with the injury level912 Which periodization traditional and contemporary models are indicated to be used in contemporary sports Some sports training books recommended some models1315 and scientific articles indicated some models516 However the books and articles do not indicate which models traditional and contemporary can be used in individual sports in the team sports and in the combat sports Then the objective of the review was of determine the types of periodization traditional and contemporary for each sport individual team and combat Periodization for each sport Periodization is an important content of the sports training for the coach structure the training17 The books of the sports training recommended several periodization models for the athletes1820 and the articles also35 However these references do not indicate the types of sports for each periodization model Only the article of Marques Junior21 determined the type of periodization for each type of sport But this article is of 2011 and the author determined in five periodizations the types of sports Actually periodization researchers determined that has four types of traditional periodization and fourteen types of contemporary periodization152223 Then the author of the study determined for the traditional periodization and for the contemporary periodization the sports that the periodization models are more recommended Traditional periodization has four types of periodization for the coach prescribes the training15 The periodization models are the traditional periodization of Matveev the pendular periodization of Arosiev and Kalinin the high load system of Vorobiev and the periodization of the structural scheme of highintensity loads of Tschiene522 The Russian school of the sports training determined the group of sports that are the velocity and strength sports the cyclic of resistance the sports arts the combat sports and the collective sports games2425 Then in table 1 the author of the article determined for the traditional periodization that is indicated in each sport MOJ Sports Med 2020422734 27 2020 Junior This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use distribution and build upon your work noncommercially Periodization models used in the current sport Volume 4 Issue 1 2020 Nelson Kautzner Marques Junior12 1Member of the Scientific Committee of the Revista Observatorio del Deporte Los Lagos University Santiago Chile 2International Scientific Reviewer of the Revista ConCiencias del Deporte UNELLEZ Barinas Venezuela Correspondence Nelson Kautzner Marques Junior Member of the Scientific Committee of the Revista Observatorio del Deporte Los Lagos University Santiago Chile Email Received April 16 2020 Published April 22 2020 Abstract Traditional periodization has some characteristics that are the individualization of the training load training load response based on biological laws and most of these models have the objective of the athlete archive the peak The contemporary periodization has the following characteristics individualized training load with monitoring of the physiological adaptation training of the specific motor capacities of the modality use of the evolution time and of the residual training effect for the coach prescribes the session much attention with technical and tactical training and attention in the training with the injury level Which periodization traditional and contemporary models are indicated to be used in contemporary sports The objective of the review was to determining the types of periodization traditional and contemporary for each sport individual team and combat Traditional periodization has four types of periodization for the coach prescribes the training The periodization models are the traditional periodization of Matveev the pendular periodization of Arosiev and Kalinin the high load system of Vorobiev and the periodization of the structural scheme of highintensity loads of Tschiene Contemporary periodization are for the individual sport block periodization individualized periodization and ATR periodization a model for the individualized and collective sports periodization of the structural bells five periodization for the collective sports games periodization of longform state microstructure periodization tactical periodization nonlinear periodization and selective load periodization and a model for the volleyball specific periodization for the volleyball In conclusion the coach that knows the periodization has more probability of success during a championship Keywords volleyball periodization training sports performance MOJ Sports Medicine Review Article Open Access Periodization models used in the current sport 28 Copyright 2020 Junior Citation Junior NKM Periodization models used in the current sport MOJ Sports Med 2020422734 DOI 1015406mojsm20200400090 Table 1 Traditional periodization of each sport Periodization The year that elaborated the model Country Velocity and Strength Sports Cyclic of Resistance Sports Arts Combat Sports Collective Sports Games Traditional of Matveev years 40 and 50 Russia X X X X X Pendular of Arosiev and Kalinin 1971 Russia X X X High load system of Vorobiev 1974 Russia X of Tschiene 1977 East German X X X X X Note The X indicates that the periodization is recommended for the type of sport Note 2 Sports arts are the Olympic gymnastics rhythmic gymnastics or similar Lev Pavilovch Matveev elaborated his periodization in the years 40 and 50 and in 1952 this model was used by Soviet athlete for the Olympic Games of 195226 In 1965 Matveev published the data of the Soviet athletes of the swimming of the athletics and of the weightlifting27 This moment the sporting world has learned about the traditional periodization of Matveev28 The traditional periodization of Matveev is indicated for the coach used in several sports velocity and strength sports cyclic of resistance sports arts combat sports and collective sports games because it is a model of easy to understand by coach and the training loads is diluted17 Then the coach can prescribe at any time of the season with the objective of achieve the peak Pendular periodization of Arosiev and Kalinin was elaborated for combat sports and for sports with high technical and tactical demands29 Then this periodization is indicated for the sports arts the combat sports and the collective sports games This periodization has the characteristics of alternation between the general load and special load but the special training load gradually increases during the season18 The objective of the alternation of the load general and special is that the athlete achieves the peak High load system periodization was proposed by Vorobiev for weightlifting5 The training stimulus be higher the coach prescribes with jump loads for the training to avoid stagnation8 The objective of the alternation of the load general and special is that the athlete achieves the peak Periodization of the structural scheme of highintensity loads of Tschiene is for individual sports of explosive strength andor explosive resistance strength30 This periodization model all training is specific and with a high load but the objective of the high load the athlete has high competitive level31 The objective of the high load is that the athlete achieves the peak Table 2 the author of the article determined the category beginner medium level and high level of the athlete that should practice each type of traditional periodization Table 2 Traditional periodization of each sport with the preparation of many years of the athlete Periodization Velocity and Strength Sports Cyclic of Resistance Sports Arts Combat Sports Collective Sports Games Traditional of Matveev B ML and HL B ML and HL B ML and HL B ML and HL B ML and HL Pendular of Arosiev and Kalinin B ML and HL B ML and HL B ML and HL High load system of Vorobiev ML and HL of Tschiene ML and HL ML and HL ML and HL ML and HL ML and HL Note Category of the athlete that should use a type of periodization beginner B medium level ML and high level HL The periodization of the structural scheme of highintensity loads of Tschiene is indicated for the medium and high level but the coach can practice some adaptations in this model and apply it in the beginner The reader deserves to observe that the traditional periodization of the objective of the model is the athlete achieve the peak Another observation the schematic drawing of Matveev of Vorobiev and of Tschiene has a similar format Perhaps these periodization researchers are Vorobiev and the two researchers Arosiev and Kalinin elaborated your schematic drawing on Matveev because in 1965 Matveev periodization became known in the world Remembering these authors created their periodization in the years 70 Vorobiev in 1974 and Tschiene in 1977 The contemporary periodization occurred from 1978 until the present day The periodization literature determined a total of contemporary periodization15 But this article informed about three periodizations were created for individual sport block periodization of Verkhoshanski individualized periodization of Bondarchuk and ATR periodization of Issurin and Kaverin a model for the individualized and collective sports periodization of the structural bells of Forteza five periodization for the collective sports games periodization of longform state of Bompa microstructure periodization of Seirullo Vargas tactical periodization of Frade nonlinear periodization of the Americans and selective load periodization of Gomes and a model for the volleyball specific periodization for the volleyball of Marques Junior Then the review studied 10 contemporary periodizations Periodization models used in the current sport 29 Copyright 2020 Junior Citation Junior NKM Periodization models used in the current sport MOJ Sports Med 2020422734 DOI 1015406mojsm20200400090 In table 3 the author of the review determined for the contemporary periodization based in the Russian school of the sports training of each sport33 Block periodization of Verkhoshanski was elaborated for explosive strength sports of the athletics long jump triple jump and high jump3435 Then in 1980 block periodization was used by several athletes of the explosive strength sports in the Olympic Games3637 After this Olympic Games block periodization was used in other sports3840 In general block periodization is divided into three blocks of training41 The block A the training is with the concentrated strength loads during 3 months the block B the training is with the specific motor development in conditions similar the competition and the athlete practices explosive strength training bodybuilding and plyometric training during 25 to 3 months and the block C the athlete participates of the competitions and the coach prescribes a maintenance of the motor capacities trained explosive strength training with bodybuilding and with the plyometric training4243 The duration of block C related to the competition and is the moment of the peak Table 3 Contemporary periodization of each sport Periodization The year that elaborated the model Country Velocity and Strength Sports Cyclic of Resistance Sports Arts Combat Sports Collective Sports Games Block of Verkhoshanski 1979 Russia X X X X Individualized of Bondarchuk 1984 Russia X ATR of Issurin and Kaverin 1985 Russia X X X X X Nonlinear End of the years 80 United States of America X X X X X of the structural bells of Forteza 1998 Cuba X X X X X Note The X indicates that the periodization is recommended for the type of sport Note 2 Sports arts are the Olympic gymnastics rhythmic gymnastics or similar The individualized periodization of Bondarchuk44 was elaborated for the hammer throw athletes The duration of each period is according to the level of adaptation of the athlete with the objective of the athlete achieve peak This peak in this periodization is in 2 to 8 months14 However individualized periodization can be used in other modalities of the athletics throwing the javelin throw and shot put Issurin and Kaverin created in 1985 the ATR block periodization for the athlete has in many disputes a higher number of peaks45 The first study occurred with the Soviet team of the canoekayak paddling for the Seoul Olympic Games in 198846 ATR block periodization is divided into three blocks the accumulation the transformation and the realization The accumulation block has higher residual training because the coach prescribes aerobic endurance andor aerobic resistance maximal strength and basic technical and tactical training6 The transformation block has medium residual training because the coach prescribes specific training through special and competitive exercises with the objective of improving the physical preparation and the aspect technical and tactical of the athlete47 The realization block has a low residual training effect and the objective is the athlete achieve the peak during the championship Issurin 2008b The ATR block periodization is indicated for several sports because the objective is to achieve many peaks during the season4849 The traditional periodization of Matveev5051 was very important for the sports training because this model was used to elaborate the nonlinear periodization of the Americans52 and the periodization of the structural bells of Forteza18 But the periodization of Forteza used another type of model to elaborate your content used the pendular periodization of Arosiev and Kalinin16 The nonlinear periodization occurs an oscillation between the volume and the intensity of the strength training of the bodybuilding and of the reactive strength training53 This occurs in a few days and until in two weeks Therefore the same training program the athlete practices with a variation between volume and intensity54 This model was developed for sports with a long time of competition for example the collective sports games But other sports can use this model Periodization of the structural bells in each mesocycle occurs a predominance of the special loads in relation to the general loads and this forms a drawing of a bell on the macrocycle18 The structuring of the bells quantifies the values of the general and special preparation load that the athlete deserves work in the season55 This model the coach can prescribe for several sports because this periodization is similar to the Matveev periodization Table 4 the author of the article determined the category beginner medium level and high level of the athlete that should practice each type of contemporary periodization of five models The block periodization of Verkhoshanski is indicated for the medium and high level but the coach can practice some adaptations in this model and apply it in the beginner Oliveira56 practiced in the young volleyball an adapted block periodization is the team had increased of the strength Figure 3 shows the creators of the block periodization of the individualized periodization of the ATR periodization and of the periodization of the structural bells Note the nonlinear periodization the creators were the Americans but the name of the researcher the periodization literature has not determined In table 5 the author of the review determined for the contemporary periodization based in the Russian school of the sports training of each sport that was elaborated to the collective sports games33 Periodization models used in the current sport 30 Copyright 2020 Junior Citation Junior NKM Periodization models used in the current sport MOJ Sports Med 2020422734 DOI 1015406mojsm20200400090 Table 4 Contemporary periodization of each sport with the preparation of many years of the athlete Periodization Velocity and Strength Sports Cyclic of Resistance Sports Arts Combat Sports Collective Sports Games Block of Verkhoshanski ML and HL ML and HL ML and HL ML and HL Individualized of Bondarchuk B ML and HL ATR of Issurin and Kaverin B ML and HL B ML and HL B ML and HL B ML and HL B ML and HL Nonlinear B ML and HL B ML and HL B ML and HL B ML and HL B ML and HL of the structural bells of Forteza B ML and HL B ML and HL B ML and HL B ML and HL B ML and HL Note Category of the athlete that should use a type of periodization beginner B medium level ML and high level HL Figure 1 shows some of the creators of the traditional periodization Figure 1 In left Matveev and in the right Vorobiev Extracted of httpswww youtubecomwatchvrMhfCrBHnJYfbclidIwAR3ePfXZEIu3FM6YNF5rbr h0mybAj1CgP6NvYm39ypODyCjuEKRYJjXyK8 and of httpstrfehrplaycom sportifitnes103894arkadiyvorobevbiografiyasportivnyedostizheniya fotohtml Figure 2 shows the schematic drawing of each periodization model Figure 2 Schematic drawing of the A traditional periodization of Matveev25 B pendular periodization of Arosiev and Kalinin18 C high load system of Vorobiev32 and D structural scheme of highintensity loads of Tschiene30 Bompa elaborated the periodization of longform state for the collective sports games adapted of Matveev periodization58 This author informed that had three form states general state of sport form high state of sport form and optimal state of sport form and the coach needs to develop these contents during the season429 Bompa5960 informed that different types of exercises can train the three form states However this periodization is a model good for the combat sports because Oliveira61 informed that this modality is a complex sport that has two sports the collective sports games and the fights Therefore this periodization is for sports with long competition time Figure 3 From left to right we have Verkhoshanski Extracted of https wwwyoutubecomwatchv0kTKJ5PjFz4 or httpswwwyoutubecom watchv6ruo9lPziU Bondarchuk Extracted of httpsenwikipediaorg wikiAnatoliyBondarchuk Kaverin and Issurin Extracted of httpsslidex tipsdownloadblockperiodizationinsporttrainingscientificconceptand implementation and Forteza Extracted of httpswwwefdeportescom autorfortezahtm Seirullo Vargas8 elaborated the microstructure periodization for the collective sports games for the player to develop the cognitive aspect The training is elaborated with four types of tasks general directed special and competitive For the team to achieve this optimal form it is necessary to elaborate in the periods preseason and competitive the appropriate exercises for each task general directed special and competitive with a training load compatible with the athletic condition of each player The load is always specific in this periodization62 The concentrated volume of the specific load is adapted to the block periodization of Verkhoshanski and occurs in the preseason63 In the competitive period the concentrated volume of specific load changes is the name of season block and this block the coach prescribes training and occurs championship game Seirullo Vargas8 elaborated this periodization in the soccer but this model the coach can use in other collective sports games Tactical periodization of Vítor Frade was elaborated in 1989 with the objective of prepare quickly the soccer team tactically64 The coach needs to elaborates the game model to develop a good match during the competitive period9 All training occurs in the game until the physical training65 But this periodization the coach can use in other collective sports games The selective load periodization of Gomes was elaborated for the soccer with the objective of training during a period an or two Periodization models used in the current sport 31 Copyright 2020 Junior Citation Junior NKM Periodization models used in the current sport MOJ Sports Med 2020422734 DOI 1015406mojsm20200400090 motor capacities14 In this model the volume changes little during the competitive year except in the preseason that it is a little lower The intensity is usually high all year because the preparation of the athlete occurs during the competition Therefore there is no preparatory period only the preseason phase that occurs before the dispute and usually is in a few weeks31 This model does not have the objective of establishing the athletes the peak of the sports form but the objective is to cause a competitive regularity The selective load periodization the coach can use in the collective sports games in the combat sports and in the sports arts Table 5 Contemporary periodization of each sport Periodization The year that elaborated the model Country Velocity and Strength Sports Cyclic of Resistance Sports Arts Combat Sports Collective Sports Games of longform state of Bompa 1984 Romania X X Microstructure of Seirullo Vargas 1987 Spain X Tactical of Frade 1989 Portugal X X Selective load of Gomes 2001 Brazil X X X Specific for the Volleyball of Marques Junior 2011 Brazil X Only for the volleyball Note The X indicates that the periodization is recommended for the type of sport Note 2 Sports arts are the Olympic gymnastics rhythmic gymnastics or similar Table 6 Contemporary periodization of each sport with the preparation of many years of the athlete Periodization Velocity and Strength Sports Cyclic of Resistance Sports Arts Combat Sports Collective Sports Games of longform state of Bompa B ML and HL B ML and HL Microstructure of Seirullo Vargas B ML and HL Tactical of Frade B ML and HL B ML and HL Selective load of Gomes B ML and HL B ML and HL B ML and HL Specific for the Volleyball of Marques Junior B ML and HL Note Category of the athlete that should use a type of periodization beginner B medium level ML and high level HL Specific periodization for the volleyball of Marques Junior the training load is with the volleyball skill effort and level of volleyball skill injury66 This content is used in the game situation training and in the technical training67 But the game situation training subjective control is difficult11 The strength training is the physical training more important this model with the explosive resistance training and reactive strength68 This physical training the coach can prescribe with the ball training or only physical training Therefore this periodization is a model for the volleyball and in another collective sports games this model is not indicated6971 However this model needs of scientific studies because actually there are only two studies7273 Therefore this periodization is until this moment a theory The table 6 the author of the article determined the category beginner medium level and high level of the athlete that should practice each type of contemporary periodization of collective sports games Figure 5 shows the creators of the periodization of longform state of the microstructure periodization of the tactical periodization of the selective load periodization and specific periodization for the volleyball The figure 6 shows the schematic drawing of each periodization model The review article informed about some types of periodization for the reader use in the most appropriate sport and according to the athletes category Periodization models used in the current sport 32 Copyright 2020 Junior Citation Junior NKM Periodization models used in the current sport MOJ Sports Med 2020422734 DOI 1015406mojsm20200400090 Figure 4 Schematic drawing of the A block periodization of Verkhoshanski and Siff57 B individualized periodization of Bondarchuk44 C ATR block periodization of Issurin and Kaverin47 D periodization of the structural bells of Forteza18 and nonlinear periodization53 Figure 5 From left to right we have Bompa Extracted of httpstudorbompainstitutewordpresscomdrtudorbompa Seirullo Vargas Extracted of httpwwwentrenamientodeportivoorgcuriosidadesasp Vítor Frade Carvalhal 2001 Antonio Carlos Gomes Extracted of httpbuscatextualcnpqbr buscatextualvisualizacvdoidK4798496Z9 and Marques Junior Extracted of httpbuscatextualcnpqbrbuscatextualvisualizacvdoidK4237410T5 Figure 6 Schematic drawing of the A periodization of longform state Bompa11 B microstructure periodization of Seirullo Vargas8 C tactical periodization of Vítor Frade9 D selective load periodization of Gomes14 and E specific periodization for the volleyball of Marques Junior67 Periodization models used in the current sport 33 Copyright 2020 Junior Citation Junior NKM Periodization models used in the current sport MOJ Sports Med 2020422734 DOI 1015406mojsm20200400090 Conclusion Periodization had more attention from 1965 when Matveev presented the data of Soviet athletes in a book27 Then this moment the coaches adopted periodization of how a good content for the coach elaborated and prescribe the training Then after this moment the researchers practice several studies from 1971 to 2011 that resulted in other periodization models However the article determined the type of sports of each periodization is traditional and contemporary and the category of the athletes for these models Therefore this review was an article that improved of the first work of Marques Junior21 In conclusion the coach that knows the periodization has more probability of 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