Amizade Mocambique-China-Analise da Cooperacao e Desenvolvimento Sustentavel-TCC e Artigo

Final Research Paper Presentation 45 This paper will be based upon the country profile paper with an expansion and critical analysis from one of the major ChinaAfrica themes or debates covered in this course The paper is expected to be 1012 pages in length excluding bibliography and will not only draw from outside research but appropriately relate course materials to the students topic Additionally students will give a brief presentation to the class on the findings from their final research paper Grading Policy C 770 C 730 FRIENDSHIP BETWEEN MOZAMBIQUE AND CHINA When analyzing the relationship between Mozambique and China China has brought remarkable results to Mozambique since its national liberation struggle and civil war and China is seen as a threat to the health and sustainable development of Mozambique and Africa as one all Chichava 2010 argues that China represents a relaunch of Africas relationship with the West limiting Africas development prospects For example studies by Southall and Merlber 2009 and Brautingam 2009 corroborate this view confirming that most Western and African literatures are specialized andor interested in ChinaAfrica cooperation especially Mozambique The new era of MozambiqueChina cooperation object of this study has sparked debate and heated debate On the one hand it has been heavily criticized by the West and some scholars civil society political leaders and business people The overarching question that guides this study is why China is seen as a poor donor investor andor limiting risk to Mozambiques health and sustainable development despite the considerable benefits that Mozambiques cooperation with China has brought to Mozambique Two research hypotheses were considered to answer this question and in this way two parts of the work were identified The first part through a bibliographic review of the entire work briefly discusses the initial phases of Mozambiques cooperation with China the changes in economic and political models and Mozambiques insistence on aid delay and on the technological and financial dependence of the Western Based on historical evidence this section defends the basic assumptions that in the short and medium term the explanation of extreme poverty in Mozambique should not ignore path dependence and has nothing to do with the rise of China However it is necessary to conclude that the first part provides the interpretive basis that justifies or confers the sustainability of the research hypothesis whose historical evidence constitutes the second part Another aspect that readers will be able to see in Parts 1 and 2 is a near overview of the shift in research space to the African continent For the purposes of this article it is a methodological choice that helps to understand the lack of evidence on the negative effects of the presence of China not only in Mozambique but in almost the entire African continent Part II The core of this study confirms the research hypothesis which tries to prove that China is not a bad donor andor investor or that it poses a risk to the health and sustainable development of Mozambique but that the political dimension of Mozambique as an integral part of a States institutional capacity goes beyond its association with specific interests To support this hypothesis the study used the literature review as an investigative method to seek historical evidence that could support all the arguments presented Existing and public data were used for demonstration purposes in several works The Investment Promotion Center CPI and the Office for the Accelerated Development of Economic Zones GAZEDA only collect data on foreign direct investment FDI in Mozambique Using this approach makes it possible to present historical evidence as well as the logical coherence and consistency of the articles assumptions and to use as an analytical indicator the profitable behavior of Mozambique over time in its diplomatic relations with China In addition debates on the main sources of foreign capital flows such as foreign aid donations technical and financial assistance and remittances from the African diaspora are evaluated The analysis of these indicators aims to verify their behavior that is if they show a trend of retreat or deceleration which may be related to the growing presence of China in Mozambique and in Africa as a whole While acknowledging the literary debate and dilemma that surround it the results of this exercise allow us to see that there is no historical evidence of pessimism towards China It can also be noted that despite the downward trend predicted by several authors since the 2000s foreign capital flows from Africa for technical and financial assistance remain high reaching 200 billion across Africa in 2014 higher than the Previous forecast for 2015 was 195 billion Contrary to the literal meaning Chinas presence in Africa as a whole and in Mozambique in particular is a risk and limits the health and sustainable development of Mozambique Through this we have that after the War of Independence China quickly starts to have these relations diplomatically with Mozambique With this there is a certain form of possibility of relation to these countries thus enabling the achievement of independence of that country In addition on the date of 1974 through the implementation of the Cold War there is a form of proposal in which there is incentive and fuel Which is necessary for the effective consumption and form and need of material in a warlike way in this way there is a need for a new perspective to the country as a means of needs of other relationships which enabled and effectively influenced a new development of news In short we have that about 31 million people inhabit and live in areas that are normally determined as rural complexes thus generating the main means of resources for the country Therefore it is essential to analyze resources water natural gas and others that come from the sea As a result we have to face the need for the viability of this privileged relationship that the country has every day Since the region that the country has is extremely advantageous for the Chinese relationship which is indispensable for trade In relation to this privilege the country still has a low development index that disqualifies it a lot human development index low life expectancy that is adults do not live to their greatest age if purchased from other countries This is due to the high level of insalubrity that exists in these places The low rate of schooling is a reflection that has repercussions on the reasons for survival since many determine that it is not necessary to study but to work as a way of guaranteeing sustenance for their family And other indices defined by the UN are also very low In this way the figure of the country China in its territory is essential and this relationship dates back to the War of Independence as a means of direct investment in the most varied and necessary determined spheres exercising great influence in the territory of Mozambique and thus manipulating through agreements and treaties the territory of that least developed country With this it is essential to analyze that China used the territory of Mozambique to establish and implement stateowned companies Which ended up not being totally beneficial for the relationship between the two since at that initial moment China lost a lot as a result of the consequences imposed by participating in the Angola war In view of this we can see that China not only supported Mozambique in matters related to study and law but also provided investment in the most diverse necessary areas In this way it enabled the country itself to make a great advance which it would not have been able to achieve alone since even with help it is still lagging behind when compared to other countries Thus at that initial moment there was no great advance due to other factors such as support for the civil war in Angola It so happened that during that time China supported a movement for total independence and Mozambique supported another movement that of liberation In other words even so with mutual aid the countries found themselves in divergences that is each one had its own inclinations not showing subservience to any of the others What was a very decisive factor in the existing relations MABUCAHANE 2015 Thus historians claim that between Mozambique and China there is an emerging relationship which is determined as a way of Another factor that needs to be addressed is Mozambiques inclination towards the Soviet side towards the Chinese government itself It is essential to remember that during the postwar period China determined itself as a Soviet and later socialist government Defining in this way the inclinations of the country itself In addition after that there was a great collapse of the socialist system which further shook the economy of Mozambique thus China further strengthened ties and saw in this opportunity a means of greater possibility of controlling Mozambique Since that country was determined as a great form of power Whether commercial state and means of indebtedness vain and becomes more dependent on China he highly indebted The country starts to use with great recurrence the IMFInternational Monetary Fund and the BMWorld Bank MABUCANHANE 2015 It is worth noting that the country Mozambique did not have the means to stabilize itself economically in an effective way it was necessary the support and help of some country However the country needed effort organization and several other guidelines to be able to find direction and change its economic scenario However that was not what happened culminating in large indebtedness until the 1999 Over the years Mozambique became part of the list of countries that most found financial support in China this data is dated from 2006 With this in data analyzed after the 2000s a new era of cooperation between Mozambique and China In this new era of cooperation bilateral agreements are created and signed in the sense of education trade science technologies and other areas In this new era Mozambique starts to have more benefits for its country such as infrastructure improvements construction of a new building in this also benefited Denmark MABUCANHANE 2015 There was also too much construction of state conference centers in addition to ministries There was also great progress in investment in security and defense This is due to the fact that from 2001 to 2007 China was ranked 6th as a result of its bilateral trade Enabling through what has been demonstrated a new position for these countries As a means of a new form of solidification With that Mozambique solidified itself as the second largest Chinese partner ahead of Angola and establishing itself as fourth in the community of Portuguese speaking countries Regarding the FDI analysis Foreign Direct Investment of the BRICs China is also the second largest investor in Mozambique In 2015 the number of projects of Chinese origin in the territory of Mozambique increased considerably to the detriment of the need and new viability of commercial power In general analysis we can point out that in a way the country withdrew the colonization domain and through that came to have a domain of China itself It becomes almost impossible not to feel the presence of China in the territory of Mozambique In this way this presence can be felt in three large overlapping areas the first is commerce the second covers both cooperation and ODA and includes cooperation initiatives and projects in different areas the third area consists of FDI Foreign Direct Investment of a considerable number of Chinese companies operating in Mozambique Initially by analyzing the economic impact previously carried out and analyzed we can determine that the presence of China is valid and necessary as a form of elucidation and guarantee of social development Which is still determined as low in the territory of Mozambique as discussed above Thus analyzing the social character in this sphere that involves and decisively impacts society the Chinese presence in areas such as employment and socioeconomic development is essential Since the country has no way to guarantee itself However we found that the lack of reliable data the different methodologies used to obtain this data and the contrasting conclusions of sectoral studies made it impossible to establish a reliable metric to assess this impact Therefore in order for the possibility of drawing up a reliable study to occur it is essential that the analysis and feasibility of concentration and identification of certain numbers occur which are concentrated as ways of identifying the areas in which the Chinese government intervened providing specific numbers when possible As stated by ROQUE in 2012 This investment in infrastructure helped to build several government buildings and to renew the road network There are several Chinese construction companies that regularly outperform other foreign companies in international bids issued by the Government or the World Bank ROQUE ALDEN 2012 And again NIELSEN in 2012 corroborates that Thanks to their competitive prices Chinese companies are responsible for carrying out more than a third of the countrys road construction and are involved in the rehabilitation of urban water supply systems in Maputo Beira and Quelimane This state of affairs has been widely protested by companies with Mozambican capital who complain of unfair competition NIELSEN 2012 As further stipulated by BUNKENBORG 2012 FEIJÓ 2012 WETH AL 2017 In addition there have been numerous reports of labor disputes in Chinese companies BUNKENBORG 2012 FEIJÓ 2012 WETH AL 2017 This is a fact which should not be analyzed in a negative way because according to the analysis made in the period prior to the cooperation between China and Mozambique there were great advances Given this context currently the country Mozambique has not suffered a contraction in its development since it suffers and receives constant incentives It is worth mentioning that such incentives are not made without payment As already mentioned Mozambique has a foreign debt that still exists However in any case the economic system in the country occurs In conclusion the relationship between China and Mozambique has many controversies since each author has a vision on the subject As reported by GARCIA in 2020 Chinas importance to Africa was also addressed in official Chinese documents such as the 2006 and 2015 African Policy Papers In its second Policy Paper 2015 the Chinese government stated that it wanted to clarify its determination and goodwill to develop friendly relations and cooperatives with the African continent CHINAORG 2015 Chinas interest in the continent is also reflected in the number of visits by senior Chinese officials to African countries Between 2008 and 2018 there were 79 visits to 43 different countries The first major systematic and decisive description of the relations between China and Mozambique can be found in the book coordinated by Sérgio Chichava and Chris Alden 2012 A Mamba e o Dragão MozambiqueChina Relations in Perspective Perspectives on MozambiqueChina Relations The book was published in 2012 by the Institute of Social and Economic Studies IESE and the South African Institute of International Affairs In this way a new vision and study is made possible regarding the points elucidated by the countries and their relations classifying them as decisive and necessary Some are based only on what this generates for Mozambique others are based on what is generated for only China some for both sides In a way we cannot deny indebtedness but we cannot leave aside issues such as the real growth of Mozambique MABUCAHANE 2015 This is decisively decisive for the way in which the country is seen and the changes and influences of the country as a whole are analyzed Thus determining the ways of working among the others involved In analyzing the last decades of Mozambican independence it is clear to point out that there was a gain and the relationship is very beneficial in itself Another essential point to address is that the country just suffered a retraction like all the others as a result of the COVID19 pandemic that hit the entire globe in recent times and a section was created to order the receipt of vaccines supplies and assistance It is also necessary to point out that in this matter of COVID19 in this way China and Mozambique established a common line against the pandemic with all speed soon after the outbreak carrying out isolation and have still fought hand in hand against the virus that represents a true threat to humanity And in this way it has been validated as a means of the need for mutual agreements between the necessary countries In relation to COVID 19 according to an article published by the Chinese news newspaper it has to be said that China has given great importance to the urgent need for vaccines in Mozambique Even though the prevention and control of the pandemic is under great pressure and the domestic demand for vaccines is still huge the Chinese side has decided to provide Mozambique with a donation of vaccines against Covid19 making Mozambique one of the first African countries to receive donations from Chinese vaccines WANG HEJUN 2021 The leader also corroborates that In addition we have that the need for donation not only fully represents the deep friendship between the two Heads of State but also strengthens the joint fight against the pandemic as if it were a cardiotonic agent promoting new hope to beat the pandemic Next we will further strengthen vaccine cooperation between our two countries The Chinese side is willing to facilitate the acquisition of Chinese vaccines by Mozambique WANG HEJUN 2021 Since when there was a big outbreak and the spheres became critical Felipe Jacinto current president of Mozambique appreciated the measures that the Chinese government took as a way of combating the virus And so together with the Chinese media the Mozambican media determined the advancement of Chinese media in all necessary spheres Thus we have that during the first decade of the 21st century 80 of the FDI from China to Mozambique was destined to projects that had as a partner this relationship between China and Mozambique thus enabling a greater assimilation of the countrys resources CHICHAVA 2010 With this we have that these sectors fit and are determined as paramount with regard to the industrial sector and one in the aquaculture and fisheries sector Which involves several necessary guidelines Furthermore it is necessary and essential to analyze how the understanding of such significant numbers occurs CHICHAVA 2010 During the visit of Prime Minister Aires de Aly to China in 2010 the Chinese government declared its intention to finance several projects in Mozambique totaling around US172 million in the form of grants interestfree loans and loans to low interest rates CHICHAVA 2010 Which are presented in this way as a means and form of variability and countries are so necessary in both spheres of development Thus despite these significant figures during the first decade of the century a Chinese investment in Mozambique represented only 2 of total FDI which amounted to 106 billion dollars CHICHAVA 2010 It is estimated that in terms of data China has enabled Mozambique to create around 23133 thousand new jobs in recent years as reformulation takes place throughout the territory expanding all sectors such as infrastructure health commerce It so happens that there was a possibility of growth of 39 in Africa with the data dated from 2014 Bibliography Chinas view economical presence in Mozambique Available at httpperiodicospucminasbrindexphpestudosinternacionalesarticleview2303517574 Accessed on 7 Nov 2022 Jornal Notícias published the article entitled China Vaccine Donation Reflects Fraternity Among Peoples by Mr Wang Hejun Chinese Ambassador to Mozambique Available at httpmzchinaembassygovcnporsghd202205t2022051810688527htmtextMesm o20que20a20prevenC3A7C3A3o20e receive20doaC3A7C3B5es 20from2020Chinese vaccines Accessed on 7 Nov 2022 MABUCANHANE NL The new era of MozambiqueChina cooperation debates dilemmas realities and institutional policy perspectives Space and Economy Brazilian Journal of Economic Geography n 7 17 Dec 2015 NIELSEN M How not to build a road an ethnographic analysis of the socioeconomic effects of a Chinese project to build infrastructure in Mozambique In CHICHAVA S ALDEN C org The Mamba and the Dragon MozambiqueChina relations in perspective Maputo and Johannesburg IESESAIIA 2012 p 61 80 CHICHAVA S ALDEN C China and Mozambique from comrades to capitalists Johannes burg Jacana Media 2014CHICHAVA S ALDEN C org The Mamba and the Dragon Mozambique China relations in perspectiveMaputo and Johannesburg IESESAIIA 2012 CHICHAVA S Chinese Agricultural Investment in Mozambique The case of Wambao Rice FarmPolicy BriefThe John Hopkins SAIS China Africa Research Initiative 2014