Tabela de Propriedades Termofísicas da Matéria - Materiais Metálicos, Não Metálicos e Fluidos

APPENDIX A Thermophysical Properties of Matter Table Page A1 Thermophysical Properties of Selected Metallic Solids 983 A2 Thermophysical Properties of Selected Nonmetallic Solids 987 A3 Thermophysical Properties of Common Materials 989 Structural Building Materials 989 Insulating Materials and Systems 990 Industrial Insulation 991 Other Materials 993 A4 Thermophysical Properties of Gases at Atmospheric Pressure 995 A5 Thermophysical Properties of Saturated Fluids 1000 Saturated Liquids 1000 Saturated LiquidVapor 1 atm 1002 A6 Thermophysical Properties of Saturated Water 1003 A7 Thermophysical Properties of Liquid Metals 1005 A8 Binary Diffusion Coefficients at One Atmosphere 1006 A9 Henrys Constant for Selected Gases in Water at Moderate Pressure 1007 A10 The Solubility of Selected Gases and Solids 1007 The convention used to present numerical values of the properties is illustrated by this example T K ν 10⁷ m²s k 10³ Wm K 300 0349 521 where ν 0349 10⁷ m²s and k 521 10³ 0521 WmK at 300 K A11 Total Normal n or Hemispherical h Emissivity of Selected Surfaces 1008 Metallic Solids and Their Oxides 1008 Nonmetallic Substances 1009 A12 Solar Radiative Properties for Selected Materials 1010 References 1011 TABLE A1 Thermophysical Properties of Selected Metallic Solids Melting Point K Properties at 300 K Properties at Various Temperatures K Composition ρ kgm³ cₚ JkgK k WmK α10⁶ m²s 100 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1500 2000 2500 Aluminum Pure 933 2702 903 237 971 302 237 240 231 218 482 798 949 1033 1146 Alloy 2024T6 45 Cu 15 Mg 06 Mn 775 2770 875 177 730 65 163 186 186 473 787 925 1042 Alloy 195 Cast 45 Cu 2790 883 168 682 174 185 Beryllium 1550 1850 1825 200 592 990 301 161 126 106 908 787 203 1114 2191 2604 2823 3018 3227 3519 Bismuth 545 9780 122 786 659 165 969 704 112 120 127 Boron 2573 2500 1107 270 976 190 555 168 106 960 985 128 600 1463 1892 2160 2338 Cadmium 594 8650 231 968 484 203 993 947 198 222 242 Chromium 2118 7160 449 937 291 159 111 909 807 713 654 619 572 494 192 384 484 542 581 616 682 779 937 Cobalt 1769 8862 421 992 266 167 122 854 674 582 521 493 425 236 379 450 503 550 628 733 674 Copper Pure 1358 8933 385 401 117 482 413 393 379 366 352 339 252 356 397 417 433 451 480 Commercial bronze 90 Cu 10 Al 1293 8800 420 52 14 42 52 59 785 460 545 Phosphor gear bronze 89 Cu 11 Sn 1104 8780 355 54 17 41 65 74 Cartridge brass 70 Cu 30 Zn 1188 8530 380 110 339 75 95 137 149 360 395 425 Constantan 55 Cu 45 Ni 1493 8920 384 23 671 17 19 237 362 Germanium 1211 5360 322 599 347 232 968 432 273 198 174 174 190 290 337 348 357 375 395 Table A1 continued Properties at Various Temperatures K Properties at 300 K k Wm Kcₚ Jkg K Composition Melting Point K ρ kgm³ cₚ Jkg K k Wm K α 10⁶ m²s 100 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1500 2000 2500 Gold 1336 19300 129 317 127 327 323 311 298 284 270 255 109 124 131 135 140 145 155 Iridium 2720 22500 130 147 503 172 153 144 138 132 126 120 111 90 122 133 138 144 153 161 172 Iron Pure 1810 7870 447 802 231 134 940 695 547 433 328 283 321 216 384 490 574 680 975 609 654 Armco 9975 pure 7870 447 727 207 956 806 657 531 422 323 287 314 215 384 490 574 680 975 609 654 Carbon steels Plain carbon Mn 1 Si 01 AISI 1010 7854 434 605 177 567 480 392 300 487 559 685 1169 7832 434 639 188 587 488 392 313 487 559 685 1168 Carbonsilicon Mn 1 01 Si 06 7817 446 519 149 498 440 374 293 501 582 699 971 Carbonmanganese silicon 1 Mn 165 01 Si 06 8131 434 410 116 422 397 350 276 487 559 685 1090 Chromium low steels ½ Cr¼ MoSi 018 C 065 Cr 023 Mo 06 Si 7822 444 377 109 382 367 333 269 492 575 688 969 1 Cr½ Mo 016 C 1 Cr 054 Mo 039 Si 7858 442 423 122 420 391 345 274 492 575 688 969 1 CrV 02 C 102 Cr 015 V 7836 443 489 141 468 421 363 282 492 575 688 969 4 Stainless steels AISI 302 8055 480 151 391 173 200 228 254 512 559 585 606 AISI 304 1670 7900 477 149 395 92 126 166 198 226 254 280 317 272 402 515 557 582 611 640 682 AISI 316 8238 468 134 348 152 183 213 242 504 550 576 602 AISI 347 7978 480 142 371 158 189 219 247 513 559 585 606 Lead 601 11340 129 353 241 397 367 340 314 118 125 132 142 Magnesium 923 1740 1024 156 876 169 159 153 149 146 649 934 1074 1170 1267 Molybdenum 2894 10240 251 138 537 179 143 134 126 118 112 105 98 90 86 141 224 261 275 285 295 308 330 380 459 Nickel Pure 1728 8900 444 907 230 164 107 802 656 676 718 762 826 232 383 485 592 530 562 594 616 Nichrome 80 Ni 20 Cr 1672 8400 420 12 34 14 16 21 480 525 545 Inconel X750 73 Ni 15 Cr 67 Fe 1665 8510 439 117 31 87 103 135 170 205 240 276 330 372 473 510 546 626 Niobium 2741 8570 265 537 236 552 526 552 582 613 644 675 721 791 188 249 274 283 292 301 310 324 347 Palladium 1827 12020 244 718 245 765 716 736 797 869 942 102 110 168 227 251 261 271 281 291 307 Platinum Pure 2045 21450 133 716 251 775 726 718 732 756 787 826 895 994 100 125 136 141 146 152 157 165 179 Alloy 60Pt40Rh 60 Pt 40 Rh 1800 16630 162 47 174 52 59 65 69 73 76 Rhenium 3453 21100 136 479 167 589 510 461 442 441 446 457 478 519 97 127 139 145 151 156 162 171 186 Rhodium 2236 12450 243 150 496 186 154 146 136 127 121 116 110 112 147 220 253 274 293 311 327 349 376 Silicon 1685 2330 712 148 892 884 264 989 619 422 312 257 227 259 556 790 867 913 946 967 992 Silver 1235 10500 235 429 174 444 430 425 412 396 379 361 187 225 239 250 262 277 292 Tantalum 3269 16600 140 575 247 592 575 578 586 594 602 610 622 641 656 110 133 144 146 149 152 155 160 172 189 Thorium 2023 11700 118 540 391 598 546 545 558 569 569 587 99 112 124 134 145 156 167 Tin 505 7310 227 666 401 852 733 622 188 215 243 5 Table A1 continued Properties at Various Temperatures K Properties at 300 K k Wm Kcₚ Jkg K Composition Melting Point K ρ kgm³ cₚ Jkg K k Wm K α 10⁶ m²s 100 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1500 2000 2500 Titanium 1953 4500 522 219 932 305 245 204 194 197 207 220 245 300 465 551 591 633 675 620 686 Tungsten 3660 19300 132 174 683 208 186 159 137 125 118 113 107 100 95 87 122 137 142 145 148 152 157 167 176 Uranium 1406 19070 116 276 125 217 251 296 340 388 439 490 94 108 125 146 176 180 161 Vanadium 2192 6100 489 307 103 358 313 313 333 357 382 408 446 509 258 430 515 540 563 597 645 714 867 Zinc 693 7140 389 116 418 117 118 111 103 297 367 402 436 Zirconium 2125 6570 278 227 124 332 252 216 207 216 237 260 288 330 205 264 300 322 342 362 344 344 344 aAdapted from References 17 Table A2 Thermophysical Properties of Selected Nonmetallic Solidsa Properties at Various Temperatures K Properties at 300 K k WmKcp JkgK Melting Point ρ cp k α106 K kgm3 JkgK WmK m2s Composition 100 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1500 2000 2500 Aluminum oxide 2323 3970 765 46 151 450 82 324 189 130 105 sapphire 940 1110 1180 1225 Aluminum oxide 2323 3970 765 360 119 133 55 264 158 104 785 655 566 600 polycrystalline 940 1110 1180 1225 Beryllium oxide 2725 3000 1030 272 880 196 111 70 47 33 215 15 1350 1690 1865 1975 2055 2145 2750 Boron 2573 2500 1105 276 999 190 525 187 113 81 63 52 1490 1880 2135 2350 2555 Boron fiber epoxy 590 2080 30 vol composite k to fibers 229 210 223 228 k to fibers 059 037 049 060 cp 1122 364 757 1431 Carbon Amorphous 1500 1950 160 067 118 189 219 237 253 284 348 Diamond 3500 509 2300 10000 4000 1540 type IIa 21 194 853 insulator Graphite pyrolytic 2273 2210 k to layers 1950 4970 3230 1390 892 667 534 448 357 262 k to layers 570 168 923 409 268 201 160 134 108 081 cp 709 136 411 992 1406 1650 1793 1890 1974 2043 Graphite fiber 450 1400 epoxy 25 vol composite k heat flow to fibers 111 57 87 130 k heat flow to fibers 087 046 068 11 cp 935 337 642 1216 Pyroceram 1623 2600 808 398 189 525 478 364 328 308 296 287 279 Corning 9606 908 1038 1122 1197 1264 1498 Table A2 Continued Properties at Various Temperatures K Properties at 300 K k WmKcp JkgK Melting Point ρ cp k α106 K kgm3 JkgK WmK m2s 100 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1500 2000 2500 Composition Silicon carbide 3100 3160 675 490 230 87 58 30 880 1050 1135 1195 1243 1310 Silicon dioxide 1883 2650 crystalline quartz k to c axis 104 39 164 76 50 42 k to c axis 621 208 95 470 34 31 cp 745 885 1075 1250 Silicon dioxide 1883 2220 745 138 0834 069 114 151 175 217 287 400 polycrystalline 905 1040 1105 1155 1195 fused silica Silicon nitride 2173 2400 691 160 965 139 113 988 876 800 716 620 578 778 937 1063 1155 1226 1306 1377 Sulfur 392 2070 708 0206 0141 0165 0185 403 606 Thorium dioxide 3573 9110 235 13 61 102 66 47 368 312 273 25 255 274 285 295 303 315 330 Titanium dioxide 2133 4157 710 84 28 701 502 394 346 328 polycrystalline 805 880 910 930 945 a Adapted from References 1 2 3 and 6 Table A3 Thermophysical Properties of Common Materialsa Structural Building Materials Typical Properties at 300 K Density Thermal Specic ρ Conductivity k Heat cp DescriptionComposition kgm3 WmK JkgK Building Boards Asbestoscement board 1920 058 Gypsum or plaster board 800 017 Plywood 545 012 1215 Sheathing regular density 290 0055 1300 Acoustic tile 290 0058 1340 Hardboard siding 640 0094 1170 Hardboard high density 1010 015 1380 Particle board low density 590 0078 1300 Particle board high density 1000 0170 1300 Woods Hardwoods oak maple 720 016 1255 Softwoods fir pine 510 012 1380 Masonry Materials Cement mortar 1860 072 780 Brick common 1920 072 835 Brick face 2083 13 Clay tile hollow 1 cell deep 10 cm thick 052 3 cells deep 30 cm thick 069 Concrete block 3 oval cores Sandgravel 20 cm thick 10 Cinder aggregate 20 cm thick 067 Concrete block rectangular core 2 cores 20 cm thick 16 kg 11 Same with filled cores 060 Plastering Materials Cement plaster sand aggregate 1860 072 Gypsum plaster sand aggregate 1680 022 1085 Gypsum plaster vermiculite 720 025 aggregate TABLE A3 Continued Insulating Materials and Systems DescriptionComposition Density ρ kgm³ Typical Properties at 300 K Thermal Conductivity k WmK Specic Heat cp JkgK Blanket and Batt Glass fiber paper faced 16 0046 28 0038 40 0035 Glass fiber coated duct liner 32 0038 835 Board and Slab Cellular glass 145 0058 1000 Glass fiber organic bonded 105 0036 795 Polystyrene expanded Extruded R12 55 0027 1210 Molded beads 16 0040 1210 Mineral fiberboard roofing material 265 0049 Wood shreddedcemented 350 0087 1590 Cork 120 0039 1800 Loose Fill Cork granulated 160 0045 Diatomaceous silica coarse 350 0069 Powder 400 0091 Diatomaceous silica fine powder 200 0052 275 0061 Glass fiber poured or blown 16 0043 835 Vermiculite flakes 80 0068 835 160 0063 1000 FormedFoamedinPlace Mineral wool granules with asbestosinorganic binders sprayed 190 0046 Polyvinyl acetate cork mastic sprayed or troweled 0100 Urethane twopart mixture rigid foam 70 0026 1045 Reflective Aluminum foil separating fluffy glass mats 1012 layers evacuated for cryogenic applications 150 K 40 000016 Aluminum foil and glass paper laminate 75150 layers evacuated for cryogenic application 150 K 120 0000017 Typical silica powder evacuated 160 00017 TABLE A3 Continued Industrial Insulation Description Composition Maximum Service Temperature K Typical Density kgm³ Typical Thermal Conductivity k Wm K at Various Temperatures K 200 215 230 240 255 270 285 300 310 365 420 530 645 750 Blankets Blanket mineral fiber metal reinforced 920 96192 0038 0046 0056 0078 815 4096 0035 0045 0058 0088 Blanket mineral fiber glass fine fiber organic bonded 450 10 0036 0038 0040 0043 0048 0052 0076 12 0035 0036 0039 0042 0046 0049 0069 16 0033 0035 0036 0039 0042 0046 0062 24 0030 0032 0033 0036 0039 0040 0053 32 0029 0030 0032 0033 0036 0038 0048 48 0027 0029 0030 0032 0033 0035 0045 Blanket alumina silica fiber 1530 48 0071 0105 0150 64 0059 0087 0125 96 0052 0076 0100 128 0049 0068 0091 Felt semirigid organic bonded 480 50125 0035 0036 0038 0039 0051 0063 730 50 0023 0025 0026 0027 0029 0030 0032 0033 0035 0051 0079 Felt laminated no binder 920 120 0051 0065 0087 Blocks Boards and Pipe Insulations Asbestos paper laminated and corrugated 4ply 420 190 0078 0082 0098 6ply 420 255 0071 0074 0085 8ply 420 300 0068 0071 0082 Magnesia 85 590 185 0051 0055 0061 Calcium silicate 920 190 0055 0059 0063 0075 0089 0104 TABLE A3 Continued Industrial Insulation Continued Description Composition Maximum Service Temperature K Typical Density kgm³ Typical Thermal Conductivity k Wm K at Various Temperatures K 200 215 230 240 255 270 285 300 310 365 420 530 645 750 Cellular glass 700 145 0046 0048 0051 0052 0055 0058 0062 0069 0079 Diatomaceous silica 1145 345 0092 0098 0104 1310 385 0101 0100 0115 Polystyrene rigid Extruded R12 350 56 0023 0023 0022 0023 0023 0025 0026 0027 0029 Extruded R12 350 35 0023 0023 0023 0025 0025 0026 0027 0029 Molded beads 350 16 0026 0029 0030 0033 0035 0036 0038 0040 Rubber rigid foamed 340 70 0029 0030 0032 0033 Insulating Cement Mineral fiber rock slag or glass With clay binder 1255 430 0071 0079 0088 0105 0123 With hydraulic setting binder 922 560 0108 0115 0123 0137 Loose Fill Cellulose wood or paper pulp 45 0038 0039 0042 Perlite expanded 105 0036 0039 0042 0043 0046 0049 0051 0053 0056 Vermiculite expanded 122 0056 0058 0061 0063 0065 0068 0071 80 0049 0051 0055 0058 0061 0063 0066 DescriptionComposition Asphalt Bakelite Brick refractory Carborundum Chrome brick Diatomaceous silica fired Fireclay burnt 1600 K Fireclay burnt 1725 K Fireclay brick Magnesite Clay Coal anthracite Concrete stone mix Cotton Foodstuffs Banana 757 water content Apple red 75 water content Cake batter Cake fully baked Chicken meat white 744 water content Glass Plate soda lime Pyrex Temperature K 300 300 872 1672 473 823 1173 478 1145 773 1073 1373 773 1073 1373 478 922 1478 478 922 1478 300 300 300 300 300 300 198 233 253 263 273 283 293 300 300 Density kgm3 2115 1300 3010 2050 2325 2645 1460 1350 2300 80 980 840 720 280 2500 2225 Thermal Conductivity WmK 0062 14 185 110 23 25 20 025 030 10 11 11 13 14 14 10 15 18 38 28 19 13 026 14 006 0481 0513 0223 0121 160 149 135 120 0476 0480 0489 14 14 Specific Heat JkgK 920 1465 835 960 960 960 1130 880 1260 880 1300 3350 3600 750 835 DescriptionComposition Ice Leather sole Paper Paraffin Rock Granite Barre Limestone Salem Marble Halston Quartzite Sioux Sandstone Berea Rubber vulcanized Soft Hard Sand Soil Snow Teflon Tissue human Skin Fat layer adipose Muscle Wood cross grain Balsa Cypress Fir Oak Yellow pine White pine Wood radial Oak Fir Temperature K 273 253 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 273 300 400 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 Density kgm3 920 998 930 900 2630 2320 2680 2640 2150 1100 1190 1515 2050 110 500 2200 140 465 415 545 640 435 545 420 Thermal Conductivity WmK 188 203 0159 0180 0240 279 215 280 538 290 013 016 027 052 0049 0190 035 045 037 02 05 0055 0097 011 017 015 011 019 014 Specific Heat JkgK 2040 1945 1340 2890 775 810 830 1105 745 2010 800 1840 2720 2385 2805 2385 2720 T K 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500 3000 300 320 340 360 380 ρ kgm3 35562 23364 17458 13947 11614 09950 08711 07740 06964 06329 05804 05356 04975 04643 04354 04097 03868 03666 03482 03166 02902 02679 02488 02322 02177 02049 01935 01833 01741 01658 01582 01513 01448 01389 01135 06894 06448 06059 05716 05410 cp kJkgK 1032 1012 1007 1006 1007 1009 1014 1021 1030 1040 1051 1063 1075 1087 1099 1110 1121 1131 1141 1159 1175 1189 1207 1230 1248 1267 1286 1307 1337 1372 1417 1478 1558 1665 2726 2158 2170 2192 2221 2254 μ107 Nsm2 711 1034 1325 1596 1846 2082 2301 2507 2701 2884 3058 3225 3388 3546 3698 3843 3981 4113 4244 4490 4730 4960 530 557 584 611 637 663 689 715 740 766 792 818 955 1015 109 1165 124 131 ν106 m2s 200 4426 7590 1144 1589 2092 2641 3239 3879 4557 5269 6021 6810 7637 8493 9380 1029 1122 1219 1418 1629 1851 213 240 268 298 329 362 396 431 468 506 547 589 841 147 169 192 217 242 k103 WmK 934 138 181 223 263 300 338 373 407 439 469 497 524 549 573 596 620 643 667 715 763 82 91 100 106 113 120 128 137 147 160 175 196 222 486 247 272 293 316 340 α106 m2s 254 584 103 159 225 299 383 472 567 667 769 873 980 109 120 131 143 155 168 195 224 257 303 350 390 435 482 534 589 646 714 783 869 960 1570 166 194 221 249 279 Pr 0786 0758 0737 0720 0707 0700 0690 0686 0684 0683 0685 0690 0695 0702 0709 0716 0720 0723 0726 0728 0728 0719 0703 0685 0688 0685 0683 0677 0672 0667 0655 0647 0630 0613 0536 0887 0870 0872 0872 0869 T K ρ kgm³ cₚ kJkgK μ10⁷ Nsm² ν10⁶ m²s k10³ WmK α10⁶ m²s Pr Ammonia NH₃ continued 400 05136 2287 138 269 370 315 0853 420 04888 2322 145 297 404 356 0833 440 04664 2357 1525 327 435 396 0826 460 04460 2393 159 357 463 434 0822 480 04273 2430 1665 390 492 474 0822 500 04101 2467 173 422 525 519 0813 520 03942 2504 180 457 545 552 0827 540 03795 2540 1865 491 575 597 0824 560 03708 2577 193 520 606 634 0827 580 03533 2613 1995 565 638 691 0817 Carbon Dioxide CO₂ ℳ 4401 kgkmol 280 19022 0830 140 736 1520 963 0765 300 17730 0851 149 840 1655 110 0766 320 16609 0872 156 939 1805 125 0754 340 15618 0891 165 106 1970 142 0746 360 14743 0908 173 117 212 158 0741 380 13961 0926 181 130 2275 176 0737 400 13257 0942 190 143 243 195 0737 450 11782 0981 210 178 283 245 0728 500 10594 102 231 218 325 301 0725 550 09625 105 251 261 366 362 0721 600 08826 108 270 306 407 427 0717 650 08143 110 288 354 445 497 0712 700 07564 113 305 403 481 563 0717 750 07057 115 321 455 517 637 0714 800 06614 117 337 510 551 712 0716 Carbon Monoxide CO ℳ 2801 kgkmol 200 16888 1045 127 752 170 963 0781 220 15341 1044 137 893 190 119 0753 240 14055 1043 147 105 206 141 0744 260 12967 1043 157 121 221 163 0741 280 12038 1042 166 138 236 188 0733 300 11233 1043 175 156 250 213 0730 320 10529 1043 184 175 263 239 0730 340 09909 1044 193 195 278 269 0725 360 09357 1045 202 216 291 298 0725 380 08864 1047 210 237 305 329 0729 400 08421 1049 218 259 318 360 0719 450 07483 1055 237 317 350 443 0714 500 067352 1065 254 377 381 531 0710 550 061226 1076 271 443 411 624 0710 600 056126 1088 286 510 440 721 0707 T K ρ kgm³ cₚ kJkgK μ10⁷ Nsm² ν10⁶ m²s k10³ WmK α10⁶ m²s Pr Carbon Monoxide CO continued 650 051806 1101 301 581 470 824 0705 700 048102 1114 315 655 500 933 0702 750 044899 1127 329 733 528 104 0702 800 042095 1140 343 815 555 116 0705 Helium He ℳ 4003 kgkmol 100 04871 5193 963 198 730 289 0686 120 04060 5193 107 264 819 388 0679 140 03481 5193 118 339 907 502 0676 160 5193 129 992 180 02708 5193 139 513 1072 762 0673 200 5193 150 1151 220 02216 5193 160 722 1231 107 0675 240 5193 170 130 260 01875 5193 180 960 137 141 0682 280 5193 190 145 300 01625 5193 199 122 152 180 0680 350 5193 221 170 400 01219 5193 243 199 187 295 0675 450 5193 263 204 500 009754 5193 283 290 220 434 0668 550 5193 600 5193 320 252 650 5193 332 264 700 006969 5193 350 502 278 768 0654 750 5193 364 291 800 5193 382 304 900 5193 414 330 1000 004879 5193 446 914 354 1400 0654 Hydrogen H₂ ℳ 2016 kgkmol 100 024255 1123 421 174 670 246 0707 150 016156 1260 560 347 101 496 0699 200 012115 1354 681 562 131 799 0704 250 009693 1406 789 814 157 115 0707 300 008078 1431 896 111 183 158 0701 T K ρ kgm³ cₚ kJkgK μ10⁷ Nsm² ν10⁶ m²s k10³ WmK α10⁶ m²s Pr Hydrogen H₂ continued 600 004040 1455 1424 352 305 519 0678 700 003463 1461 1578 456 342 676 0675 800 003030 1470 1724 569 378 849 0670 900 002694 1483 1865 692 412 1030 0671 1000 002424 1499 2013 830 448 1230 0673 1100 002204 1517 2130 966 488 1460 0662 1200 002020 1537 2262 1120 528 1700 0659 1300 001865 1559 2385 1279 568 1955 0655 1400 001732 1581 2507 1447 610 2230 0650 1500 001616 1602 2627 1626 655 2530 0643 1600 00152 1628 2737 1801 697 2815 0639 1700 00143 1658 2849 1992 742 3130 0637 1800 00135 1696 2961 2193 786 3435 0639 1900 00128 1749 3072 2400 835 3730 0643 2000 00121 1825 3182 2630 878 3975 0661 Nitrogen N₂ ℳ 2801 kgkmol 100 34388 1070 688 200 958 260 0768 150 22594 1050 1006 445 139 586 0759 200 16883 1043 1292 765 183 104 0736 250 13488 1042 1549 1148 222 158 0727 300 11233 1041 1782 1586 259 221 0716 350 09625 1042 2000 2078 293 292 0711 400 08425 1045 2204 2616 327 371 0704 450 07485 1050 2396 3201 358 456 0703 500 06739 1056 2577 3824 389 547 0700 550 06124 1065 2747 4486 417 639 0702 600 05615 1075 2908 5179 446 739 0701 700 04812 1098 3210 6671 499 944 0706 800 04211 1122 3491 8290 548 116 0715 900 03743 1146 3753 1003 597 139 0721 1000 03368 1167 3999 1187 647 165 0721 1100 03062 1187 4232 1382 700 193 0718 1200 02807 1204 4453 1586 758 224 0707 1300 02591 1219 4662 1799 810 256 0701 Oxygen O₂ ℳ 3200 kgkmol 100 3945 0962 764 194 925 244 0796 150 2585 0921 1148 444 138 580 0766 200 1930 0915 1475 764 183 104 0737 250 1542 0915 1786 1158 226 160 0723 300 1284 0920 2072 1614 268 227 0711 TK ρkgm³ cpkJkgK μ107Nsm² ν106m²s k103WmK α106m²s Pr Oxygen O2 continued 350 1100 0929 2335 2123 296 290 0733 400 09620 0942 2582 2684 330 364 0737 450 08554 0956 2814 3290 363 444 0741 500 07698 0972 3033 3940 412 551 0716 550 06998 0988 3240 4630 441 638 0726 600 06414 1003 3437 5359 473 735 0729 700 05498 1031 3808 6926 528 931 0744 800 04810 1054 4152 8632 589 116 0743 900 04275 1074 4472 1046 649 141 0740 1000 03848 1090 4770 1240 710 169 0733 1100 03498 1103 5055 1445 758 196 0736 1200 03206 1115 5325 1661 819 229 0725 1300 02960 1125 5884 1886 871 262 0721 Water Vapor Steam M 1802 kgkmol 380 05863 2060 1271 2168 246 204 106 400 05542 2014 1344 2425 261 234 104 450 04902 1980 1525 3111 299 308 101 500 04405 1985 1704 3868 339 388 0998 550 04005 1997 1884 4704 379 474 0993 600 03652 2026 2067 5660 422 570 0993 650 03380 2056 2247 6648 464 668 0996 700 03140 2085 2426 7726 505 771 100 750 02931 2119 2604 8884 549 884 100 800 02739 2152 2786 1017 592 100 101 850 02579 2186 2969 1151 637 113 102 TK ρkgm³ cpkJkgK μ10²Nsm² ν10⁶m²s k10³WmK α10⁷m²s Pr β10³K1 Engine Oil Unused 273 8991 1796 385 4280 147 0910 47000 070 280 8953 1827 217 2430 144 0880 27500 070 290 8900 1868 999 1120 145 0872 12900 070 300 8841 1909 486 550 145 0859 6400 070 310 8779 1951 253 288 145 0847 3400 070 320 8718 1993 141 161 143 0823 1965 070 330 8658 2035 836 966 141 0800 1205 070 340 8599 2076 531 617 139 0779 793 070 350 8539 2118 356 417 138 0763 546 070 360 8478 2161 252 297 138 0753 395 070 370 8418 2206 186 220 137 0738 300 070 380 8360 2250 141 169 136 0723 233 070 390 8306 2294 110 133 135 0709 187 070 400 8251 2337 0874 106 134 0695 152 070 410 8189 2381 0698 852 133 0682 125 070 420 8121 2427 0564 694 133 0675 103 070 430 8065 2471 0470 583 132 0662 88 070 Ethylene Glycol C2H4OH2 273 11308 2294 651 576 242 0933 617 065 280 11258 2323 420 373 244 0933 400 065 290 11188 2368 247 221 248 0936 236 065 300 11144 2415 157 141 252 0939 151 065 310 11037 2460 107 965 255 0939 103 065 320 10962 2505 0757 691 258 0940 735 065 330 10895 2549 0561 515 260 0936 550 065 340 10838 2592 0431 398 261 0929 428 065 350 10790 2637 0342 317 261 0917 346 065 360 10740 2682 0278 259 261 0906 286 065 370 10667 2728 0228 214 262 0900 237 065 373 10585 2742 0215 203 263 0906 224 065 Glycerin C3H5OH3 273 12760 2261 1060 8310 282 0977 85000 047 280 12719 2298 534 4200 284 0972 43200 047 290 12658 2367 185 1460 286 0955 15300 048 300 12599 2427 799 634 286 0935 6780 048 310 12539 2490 352 281 286 0916 3060 049 320 12472 2564 210 168 287 0897 1870 050 TK ρkgm³ cpkJkgK μ10²Nsm² ν10⁶m²s k10³WmK α10⁷m²s Pr β10³K1 Refrigerant134a C2H2F4 230 14268 1249 004912 03443 1121 0629 55 202 240 13977 1267 004202 03006 1073 0606 50 211 250 13679 1287 003633 02656 1025 0583 46 223 260 13371 1308 003166 02368 979 0560 42 236 270 13051 1333 002775 02127 934 0537 40 253 280 12718 1361 002443 01921 890 0514 37 273 290 12368 1393 002156 01744 846 0491 35 298 300 11997 1432 001905 01588 803 0468 34 330 310 11599 1481 001680 01449 761 0443 33 373 320 11168 1543 001478 01323 718 0417 32 433 330 10691 1627 001292 01209 675 0388 31 519 340 10150 1751 001118 01102 631 0355 31 657 350 9513 1961 000951 01000 586 0314 32 910 360 8701 2437 000781 00898 541 0255 35 1539 370 7403 5105 000580 00783 518 0137 57 5524 Refrigerant22 CHClF2 230 14160 1087 003558 02513 1145 0744 34 205 240 13866 1100 003145 02268 1098 0720 32 216 250 13563 1117 002796 02062 1052 0695 30 229 260 13249 1137 002497 01884 1007 0668 28 245 270 12921 1161 002235 01730 962 0641 27 263 280 12579 1189 002005 01594 917 0613 26 286 290 12217 1223 001798 01472 872 0583 25 315 300 11834 1265 001610 01361 826 0552 25 351 310 11422 1319 001438 01259 781 0518 24 400 320 10974 1391 001278 01165 734 0481 24 469 330 10475 1495 001127 01075 686 0438 25 575 340 9901 1665 000980 00989 636 0386 26 756 350 9201 1997 000831 00904 583 0317 28 1135 360 8234 3001 000668 00811 531 0215 38 2388 Mercury Hg 273 13595 01404 01688 01240 8180 4285 00290 0181 300 13529 01393 01523 01125 8540 4530 00248 0181 350 13407 01377 01309 00976 9180 4975 00196 0181 400 13287 01365 01171 00882 9800 5405 00163 0181 450 13167 01357 01075 00816 10400 5810 00140 0181 500 13048 01353 01007 00771 10950 6190 00125 0182 550 12929 01352 00953 00737 11450 6555 00112 0184 600 12809 01355 00911 00711 11950 6880 00103 0187 Fluid Ethanol Ethylene glycol Glycerin Mercury Refrigerant R134a Refrigerant R22 Tsat K 351 470 563 630 247 232 hg kJkg 846 812 974 301 217 234 ρ kgm3 757 1111c 1260c 12740 1377 1409 ρg kgm3 144 390 526 470 σ103 Nm 177 327 630c 417 154 181 aAdapted from References 1519 bAdapted from References 8 20 and 21 cProperty value corresponding to 300 K Temperature T K Pressure p barsb Specic Volume m3kg Heat of Vaporization hg kJkg Specic Heat kJkgK Viscosity Nsm2 Thermal Conductivity WmK Prandtl Number Surface Tension σ103 Nm Expansion Coefcient β106 K1 Temperature T K p v103 vg cp cpg μ106 μg106 k103 kg103 Pr Prg 27315 000611 1000 2063 2502 4217 1854 1750 802 569 182 1299 0815 755 6805 27315 275 000697 1000 1817 2497 4211 1855 1652 809 574 183 1222 0817 753 3274 275 280 000990 1000 1304 2485 4198 1858 1422 829 582 186 1026 0825 748 4604 280 285 001387 1000 994 2473 4189 1861 1225 849 590 189 881 0833 743 1141 285 290 001917 1001 697 2461 4184 1864 1080 869 598 193 756 0841 737 1740 290 295 002617 1002 5194 2449 4181 1868 959 889 606 195 662 0849 727 2275 295 300 003531 1003 3913 2438 4179 1872 855 909 613 196 583 0857 717 2761 300 305 004712 1005 2974 2426 4178 1877 769 929 620 201 520 0865 709 3206 305 310 006221 1007 2293 2414 4178 1882 695 949 628 204 462 0873 700 3619 310 315 008132 1009 1782 2402 4179 1888 631 969 634 207 416 0883 692 4004 315 320 01053 1011 1398 2390 4180 1895 577 989 640 210 377 0894 683 4367 320 325 01351 1013 1106 2378 4182 1903 528 1009 645 213 342 0901 675 4712 325 330 01719 1016 882 2366 4184 1911 489 1029 650 217 315 0908 666 5040 330 335 02167 1018 709 2354 4186 1920 453 1049 656 220 288 0916 658 5355 335 340 02713 1021 574 2342 4188 1930 420 1069 660 223 266 0925 649 5660 340 345 03372 1024 4683 2329 4191 1941 389 1089 664 226 245 0933 641 5954 345 350 04163 1027 3846 2317 4195 1954 365 1109 668 230 229 0942 632 6242 350 355 05100 1030 3180 2304 4199 1968 343 1129 671 233 214 0951 623 6523 355 360 06209 1034 2645 2291 4203 1983 324 1149 674 237 202 0960 614 6979 360 365 07514 1038 2212 2278 4209 1999 306 1169 677 241 191 0969 605 7071 365 370 09040 1041 1861 2265 4214 2017 289 1189 679 245 180 0978 595 7287 370 37315 10133 1044 1679 2257 4217 2029 279 1202 680 248 176 0984 589 7501 37315 375 10815 1045 1574 2252 4220 2036 274 1209 681 249 170 0987 586 761 375 380 12869 1049 1337 2239 4226 2057 260 1229 683 254 161 0999 576 788 380 385 15233 1053 1142 2225 4232 2080 248 1249 685 258 153 1004 566 814 385 390 1794 1058 0980 2212 4239 2104 237 1269 686 263 147 1013 556 841 390 400 2455 1067 0731 2183 4256 2158 217 1305 688 272 134 1033 536 896 400 410 3302 1077 0553 2153 4278 2221 200 1342 688 282 124 1054 515 952 410 420 4370 1088 0425 2123 4302 2291 185 1379 688 298 116 1075 494 1010 420 430 5699 1099 0331 2091 4331 2369 173 1414 685 304 109 110 472 430 Temperature T K Pressure p barsb Specic Volume m3kg Heat of Vaporization hg kJkg Specic Heat kJkgK Viscosity Nsm2 Thermal Conductivity WmK Prandtl Number Surface Tension σ103 Nm Expansion Coefcient β106 K1 Temperature T K p v103 vg cp cpg μ106 μg106 k103 kg103 Pr Prg 440 7333 1110 0261 2059 436 246 162 1450 682 317 104 112 451 440 450 9319 1123 0208 2024 440 256 152 1485 678 331 099 114 429 450 460 1171 1137 0167 1989 444 268 143 1519 673 346 095 117 407 460 470 1455 1152 0136 1951 448 279 136 1554 667 363 092 120 385 470 480 1790 1167 0111 1912 453 294 129 1588 660 381 089 123 362 480 490 2183 1184 00922 1870 459 310 124 1623 651 401 087 125 339 490 500 2640 1203 00766 1825 466 327 118 1659 642 423 086 128 316 500 510 3166 1222 00631 1779 474 347 113 1695 631 447 085 131 293 510 520 3770 1244 00525 1730 484 370 108 1733 621 475 084 135 269 520 530 4458 1268 00445 1679 495 396 104 1772 608 506 085 139 245 530 540 5238 1294 00375 1622 508 427 101 181 594 540 086 143 221 540 550 6119 1323 00317 1564 524 464 97 186 580 583 087 147 197 550 560 7108 1355 00269 1499 543 509 94 191 563 637 090 152 173 560 570 8216 1392 00228 1429 568 567 91 197 548 767 094 159 150 570 580 9451 1433 00193 1353 600 640 88 204 528 767 099 168 128 580 590 1083 1482 00163 1274 641 735 84 215 513 841 105 184 105 590 600 1235 1541 00137 1176 700 875 81 227 497 929 114 215 84 600 610 1373 1612 00115 1068 785 111 77 241 467 103 130 260 63 610 620 1591 1705 00094 941 935 154 72 259 444 114 152 346 45 620 625 1691 1778 00085 858 106 183 70 270 430 121 165 420 35 625 630 1797 1856 00075 781 126 221 67 280 412 130 20 48 26 630 635 1909 1935 00066 683 164 276 64 300 392 141 27 60 15 635 640 2027 2075 00057 560 26 42 59 320 367 155 42 96 08 640 645 2152 2351 00045 361 90 54 370 331 178 12 26 01 645 6473c 2212 3170 00032 0 45 450 238 238 00 6473c aAdapted from Reference 22 b1 bar 105 Nm2 cCritical temperature Table A7 Thermophysical Properties of Liquid Metals Composition Bismuth Lead Potassium Sodium NaK 4555 NaK 2278 PbBi 445555 Mercury Melting Point K 544 600 337 371 292 262 398 234 T K 589 811 1033 644 755 977 422 700 977 366 644 977 366 644 977 366 672 1033 422 644 922 ρ kgm3 10011 9739 9467 10540 10412 10140 8073 7417 6744 9291 8602 7785 8874 8217 7401 8490 7753 6904 10524 10236 9835 cp kJkgK 01444 01545 01645 0159 0155 080 075 075 138 130 126 1130 1055 1043 0946 0879 0883 0147 0147 ν107 m2s 1617 1133 08343 2276 1849 1347 4608 2397 1905 7516 3270 2285 6522 2871 2174 5797 2666 2118 1496 1171 k WmK 164 156 156 161 156 149 450 395 331 862 723 597 256 275 289 244 267 905 1186 α105 m2s 1138 1035 1001 1084 1223 699 707 655 671 648 612 2552 317 374 305 392 0586 0790 Pr 00142 00110 00083 0024 0017 00066 00034 00029 0011 00051 00037 0026 00091 00058 0019 00068 0189 25 Table A8 Binary Diffusion Coefficients at One Atmosphere Substance A Substance B T K DAB m2s Gases NH3 Air 298 028104 H2O Air 298 026104 CO2 Air 298 016104 H2 Air 298 041104 O2 Air 298 021104 Acetone Air 273 011104 Benzene Air 298 088105 Naphthalene Air 300 062105 Ar N2 293 019104 H2 O2 273 070104 H2 N2 273 068104 H2 CO2 273 055104 CO2 N2 293 016104 CO2 O2 273 014104 O2 N2 273 018104 Dilute Solutions Caffeine H2O 298 063109 Ethanol H2O 298 012108 Glucose H2O 298 069109 Glycerol H2O 298 094109 Acetone H2O 298 013108 CO2 H2O 298 020108 O2 H2O 298 024108 H2 H2O 298 063108 N2 H2O 298 026108 Solids O2 Rubber 298 021109 N2 Rubber 298 015109 CO2 Rubber 298 011109 He SiO2 293 041013 H2 Fe 293 0261012 Cd Cu 293 0271018 Al Cu 293 0131033 26 Table A9 Henrys Constant for Selected Gases in Water at Moderate Pressure T K NH3 Cl2 H2S SO2 CO2 CH4 O2 H2 273 21 265 260 165 710 22880 25500 58000 280 23 365 335 210 960 27800 30500 61500 290 26 480 450 315 1300 35200 37600 66500 300 30 615 570 440 1730 42800 45700 71600 310 755 700 600 2175 50000 52500 76000 320 860 835 800 2650 56300 56800 78600 323 890 870 850 2870 58000 58000 79000 Table A10 The Solubility of Selected Gases and Solids Gas Solid T K S CAiPAi kmolm3bar O2 Rubber 298 312103 N2 Rubber 298 156103 CO2 Rubber 298 4015103 He SiO2 293 045103 H2 Ni 358 901103 TABLE A11 Total Normal n or Hemispherical h Emissivity of Selected Surfaces Metallic Solids and Their Oxides Emissivity εn or εh at Various Temperatures K Description Composition 100 200 300 400 600 800 1000 1200 1500 2000 2500 Aluminum Highly polished film h 002 003 004 005 006 Foil bright h 006 006 007 Anodized h 082 076 Chromium Polished or plated n 005 007 010 012 014 Copper Highly polished h 003 003 004 004 004 Stably oxidized h 050 058 080 Gold Highly polished or film h 001 002 003 003 004 005 006 Foil bright h 006 007 007 Molybdenum Polished h 006 008 010 012 015 021 026 Shotblasted rough h 025 028 031 035 042 Stably oxidized h 080 082 Nickel Polished h 009 011 014 017 Stably oxidized h 040 049 057 Platinum Polished h 010 013 015 018 Silver Polished h 002 002 003 005 Stainless steels Typical polished n 017 017 019 023 030 Typical cleaned n 022 022 024 028 035 Typical lightly oxidized n 033 040 Typical highly oxidized n 067 070 076 AISI 347 stably oxidized n 087 088 089 090 Tantalum Polished h 011 017 023 028 Tungsten Polished h 010 013 018 025 029 Appendix A Thermophysical Properties of Matter 1009 TABLE A11 Continued Nonmetallic Substances Temperature Emissivity Description Composition K ε Aluminum oxide n 600 069 1000 055 1500 041 Asphalt pavement h 300 085093 Building materials Asbestos sheet h 300 093096 Brick red h 300 093096 Gypsum or plaster board h 300 090092 Wood h 300 082092 Cloth h 300 075090 Concrete h 300 088093 Glass window h 300 090095 Ice h 273 095098 Paints Black Parsons h 300 098 White acrylic h 300 090 White zinc oxide h 300 092 Paper white h 300 092097 Pyrex n 300 082 600 080 1000 071 1200 062 Pyroceram n 300 085 600 078 1000 069 1500 057 Refractories furnace liners Alumina brick n 800 040 1000 033 1400 028 1600 033 Magnesia brick n 800 045 1000 036 1400 031 1600 040 Kaolin insulating brick n 800 070 1200 057 1400 047 1600 053 Sand h 300 090 Silicon carbide n 600 087 1000 087 1500 085 Skin h 300 095 Snow h 273 082090 1010 Appendix A Thermophysical Properties of Matter TABLE A11 Continued Nonmetallic Substances Temperature Emissivity DescriptionComposition K ε Soil h 300 093096 Rocks h 300 088095 Teflon h 300 085 400 087 500 092 Vegetation h 300 092096 Water h 300 096 a Adapted from Reference 1 b Adapted from References 1 9 28 and 29 TABLE A12 Solar Radiative Properties for Selected Materials a DescriptionComposition αS εb αSε τS Aluminum Polished 009 003 30 Anodized 014 084 017 Quartz overcoated 011 037 030 Foil 015 005 30 Brick red Purdue 063 093 068 Concrete 060 088 068 Galvanized sheet metal Clean new 065 013 50 Oxidized weathered 080 028 29 Glass 32mm thickness Float or tempered 079 Low iron oxide type 088 Metal plated Black sulfide 092 010 92 Black cobalt oxide 093 030 31 Black nickel oxide 092 008 11 Black chrome 087 009 97 Mylar 013mm thickness 087 Paints Black Parsons 098 098 10 White acrylic 026 090 029 White zinc oxide 016 093 017 Plexiglas 32mm thickness 090 Snow Fine particles fresh 013 082 016 Ice granules 033 089 037 Tedlar 010mm thickness 092 Teflon 013mm thickness 092 a Adapted with permission from Reference 29 b The emissivity values in this table correspond to a surface temperature of approximately 300 K References 1 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